UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
AT   LOS  ANGELES 


North  American  Species 

OF 

Kpilobium. 


1891. 


-*       / 

/ 

J  J~^r  /  i'j.  f  \     J 


The  Species  of  Epilobium 
Occurring     North,   of    Mexico. 

BY  WILLIAM  TRELEASE. 

(FKOM  THE  SECOND  ANNUAL  REPORT  OP  THE  MISSOURI  BOTANICAL  GARDEN.) 
Issued  April  2 2, 1891. 


SCIENTIFIC  PAPERS. 


CO  

s" 

A  REVISION  OF  THE  AMERICAN  SPBCIES   OF  EPILOBIUM 

OCCURRING  NORTH  OF  MEXICO. 
B> 

BV   WILLIAM   TUKLEA8E. 

h 

>4        In  addition  to  species  which  have  been  singly  described 
j|    in  various  papers,  and  those  treated  in  more  restricted  floras, 
p    the  North  American  representatives  of  the  genus  Epilobium 
have    been    comparatively    described  by    De   Candolle,* 
b>    Torrey  and  Gray,t  and  Haussknecht.J     The  first  and  last 
^    of  these  accounts  include  general  monographs  of  the  genus. 
^   The  second,  enriched  by  manuscript  descriptions  by  Nut- 
rsN    tall,  has  the  same  scope  as   the  following  revision,   but 
of  necessity  refers  to  a  smaller  area  of  well-explored  terri- 
tory.    The  more  notable  works  of  more  limited  range 
^  which  deal  with  North  American  representatives  of  the 
^  genus  are  Hooker's  Flora  Boreali- Americana  (the  first  vol- 
v  ume  of  which  bears  the  date  1840,  although  the  first  part 
^  was  issued  in  1829   and  the  second  and  third  parts  before 
"  the  end  of  1832),  and  Brewer,  Watson  and  Gray's  Botany 
of  California  (the  first  volume  of  which  was  published  in 
1876).     Both  refer  chiefly  to  west-coast  species.     In  the 
former ,1[  Epilobium  is  treated  by  Lehmann  ;  in  the  latter,,§ 
by  Barbey,  who  subsequently  published  excellent  illustra- 
tions of  the  species  described  there  as  new.  || 

The  following  pages  contain  the  results  of  such  study  as 


*  Prodromus,  ill.  1828,  p.  40  et  teq. 

t  Flora  of  North  America,  i.  1840,  p.  486  etaeq. 

t  Monographic  dcr  Gattung  Epilobium,  1884,  p.  237  et  ten- 

V  1832,  p.  204  et  aeq.    §  1376,  p.  218  et  teq. 

U  Epilobium  genus  a  cl.  Ch.  Culaln  illustratum,  1885. 


£83194 


70  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL   GARDEN. 

I  have  been  able  to  give  the  genus  during  something  over 
two  years.  The  material  employed  has  been  chiefly  that 
contained  in  the  Gray  herbarium  of  Harvard  University, 
the  herbaria  of  Columbia  College,  the  United  States  De- 
partment of  Agriculture,  the  Geological  and  Natural  His- 
tory Survey  of  Canada,  and  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden, 
and  the  excellent  private  collections  of  Mr.  W.  M.  Canby 
and  Mr.  H.  N.  Patterson.  My  thanks  are  due  the  gentle- 
men owning  or  in  charge  of  these  collections,  for  their 
courtesy  in  allowing  me  to  retain  the  material  for  the  long 
time  needed,  and  I  am  also  indebted  to  numerous  corre- 
spondents for  the  communication  of  smaller  collections  or 
single  specimens. 

In  all  of  the  local  floras  and  the  herbaria  of  the  country, 
much  confusion  prevails  as  to  the  species  of  Epilobium. 
For  this  reason  I  have  referred  for  synonyms  to  Watson's 
Bibliographical  Index  to  North  American  Botany  only  in 
cases  where  little  or  no  exception  could  be  taken  to  it. 

As  a  rule,  fewer  species  are  distinguished  than  can  be 
recognized  by  one  familiar  with  the  rather  slight  specific 
differences  that  exist,  and  their  relative  importance  in  dif- 
ferent groups  of  species.  On  the  other  hand,  these  differ- 
ences are  often  so  trivial  and  in  some  cases  so  transient, 
and  the  occurrence  of  intermediate  hybrids  is  so  common,* 
that  the  opinion  is  prevalent  that  Professor  Haussknecht 
has  described  more  species  than  are  actually  determinable. 
In  the  study  upon  which  the  following  revision  is  based, 
I  have  tried  as  far  as  possible  to  account  for  all  species  in- 
dicated by  him  and  other  writers  as  coming  within  our 
limits,  recognizing  them  as  valid  whenever  satisfactory 
reason  could  be  obtained  for  doing  so.  It  is  with  reluc- 
tance that  I  publish  several  as  new.  It  must  be  said,  how- 
ever, that  increasing  familiarity  with  the  genus  strengthens 


*  The  very  large  number  of  communications  on  this  subject,  mainly  referring  to 
European  hybrids,  can  hardly  be  touched  on  here.  See  Haussknecht's  Monograph, 
and  references  in  Just's  Jahresbericht  for  nearly  every  year.  In  the  descriptions  of 
species,  I  have  mentioned  only  those  hybrids  which  from  aberrant  characters 
might  be  looked  for  elsewhere  than  with  the  species  they  are  attributed  to. 


BEVISION   OF   EPILOBIUM.  71 

my  impression  that  the  characters  here  admitted  as  of 
specific  value  are  worthy  of  credence,  and  do  not  apply  to 
mere  forms  or  varieties,  although  the  less  differentiated 
species  fall  into  groups,  which  some  of  the  most  conserva- 
tive botanists  might  justly  treat  as  species  consisting  of 
fairly  marked  subspecies,  in  a  monograph  of  the  genus  as 
a  whole. 

Epilobium  differs  from  all  other  capsule-bearing  Onagra- 
ceae  except  the  Calif ornian  Zauschneria ,  in  having  its  seeds 
provided  with  an  ample  coma  at  the  apex.  E.  paniculatum, 
which  when  dwarfed  sometimes  resembles  large  forms  of 
Gayophytum,  may  therefore  be  distinguished  by  this 
character,  as  well  as  by  its  4-celled  fruit,  even  on  superficial 
examination.  The  variety  jucundum  of  the  same  species, 
which  occasionally  has  been  taken  for  Zauschneria,  lacks 
the  long  colored  Fuchsia-like  tube  above  the  ovary. 

While  it  reaches  great  development  in  New  Zealand, 
Epilobium  is  essentially  a  genus  of  temperate  and  cold 
climates,  and  the  most  widely  distributed  species  are  those 
of  arctic  and  alpine  regions.  In  Alaska  a  few  such  species 
occur,  which  are  otherwise  confined  to  the  adjacent  part  of 
Asia.  More  widely  distributed  arctic-alpine  immigrants 
from  the  old  world  are  spicatum,  latifolium,  palustre, 
Davuricumt  glandulosum,  ffornemanni,  alpinum,  and 
anagallidifolium.  The  only  other  old  world  species 
represented  in  our  flora  are  hirsutum,  parviflorum,  and 
adnatum,  all  of  which  are  accidental  waifs,  the  first  one 
only  having  obtained  even  a  precarious  foothold  in  this 
country.  On  the  other  hand,  while  the  genus  passes  into 
South  America  along  the  backbone  of  the  continent,  few 
species  extend  very  far  across  the  Mexican  boundary  in 
either  direction. 

The  most  interesting  biological  features  of  the  genus  are 
those  connected  with  the  means  of  vegetative  propagation, 
pollination,  and  dissemination. 

The  various  contrivances  by  which  most  species  survive 
the  winter  and  are  vegetatively  propagated,  have  been  so 


72  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

fully  employed  in  the  synopsis  of  species  as  to  require  no 
further  description  here,  and  it  suffices  to  call  attention  to 
the  extreme  degree  of  differentiation  that  has  been  attained 
in  this  respect,  in  the  genus,  one  species  of  which  has 
acquired  even  serial  bulblets.  The  principal  literature  of 
the  subject,  aside  from  what  is  said  in  systematic  descrip- 
tions, is  to  be  found  in  Barbey,  I.  c.  plates  23-24 ;  Beyer- 
inck,  Nederlaudsch  Kruidkundig  Archief,  1884  (Just,  xii. 
1,  p.  546)  ;  Haussknechl,  1.  c.  p.  11  &  16;  Rjellmann,  Bot. 
Centralblatt,  1886,  No.  9,  p.  291  (Just,  xiv.  1,  p.  924); 
Mrs.  Millinglon,  Bull.  Torrey  Club,  x.  24;  Schmalhausen, 
Erneuerungsweise  einiger  Epilobien,  —  Dissertation,  St. 
Petersburg,  1874  (Just,  ii.  p.  531);  and  Warming,  Bot. 
Tidsskrift,  ii.,  and  Om  Skudbygning  etc.,  Copenhagen, 
1884,  p.  84,  87,  95  (abstracts  in  Bot.  Centralbl.  xviii. 
and  Engler's  Bot.  Jahrb.  v.  p.  65). 

The  only  other  vegetative  features  requiring  special  men- 
tion are  the  water  glands  ending  the  teeth  on  the  leaves  of 
most  species  (Reinke,  Jahrb.  fiir  wiss.  Bot.  x.  p.  143,  pi. 
12,  f.  11);  the  mucilage  glands  at  apex  of  very  young 
leaves  (Oliver,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  p.  190;  Reinke,  I.  c. 
and  f.  10)  ;  the  anomalous  nutations  of  the  flower  buds  of 
E.  spicatum  (Haussknecht,  L  c.  p.  16;  Prentiss,  Bull. 
Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix.  p.  8,  and  Vochting,  cited  under 
pollination) ;  and  the  supposed  value  of  the  acid  cell-sap  of 
some  trichomes  as  a  protection  against  the  attacks  of  snails 
(Stahl,  Jenaische  Zeitschrift,  xxii.). 

The  principal  developmental  studies  are  those  by  Bar- 
cianu  in  Schenk  &  Luerssen's  Mittheilungen,  ii.  (Just,  ii. 
485),  —  punctum  vegetationis  and  floral  organogeny, 
and  Sitzber.  niederrh.  Ges.  f.  Nat.-u.  Heilkunde,  1873, — 
ovary;  Payer,  Organogen.  p.  450,  pi.  94,  —  flower;  and 
Warming  in  Hanstein's  Bot.  Abhandlungen,  ii.  Heft  2,  — 
anther.  The  stigmatic  papillae  are  mentioned  by  Beltrens 
in  Anat.  Bau  des  Griffels,  etc.,  —  Dissertation,  Gottingen, 
1875,  p.  33.  The  pollen,  which  appears  always  to  consist 
of  tetrads,  is  discussed  or  figured  by  Barbey,  L  c.  pi.  13; 


REVISION   OF  EPILOBIUM.  73 

Behrens,  Botanik,  p.  82;  Luerssen,  Jahrb.  wiss.  Bot.  vii. 
p.  46,  pi.  5,  f.  27-30;  Mohl,  Ann.  Sci.  nat.,  ser.  2,  iii.  p. 
332  (the  original  paper  published  in  German  at  Berne  in 
1834) ;  fitrasburger,  Ban  and  Wachsthum  der  Zellhaute 
(Just,  x.  1,  p.  416);  Tschistiakoff,  Bot.  Zeitung,  xxxiii.  p. 
81,  and  Jahrb.  fur  wiss.  Bot.  x.  p.  7,  with  several  plates  ; 
and  Hoisted  and  McBride  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  1890, 
p.  238. 

While  the  larger  flowered  species  appear  to  be  regularly 
proterandrous,  the  duration  of  the  dichogamy  is  brief  in 
most  of  them,  and  the  smaller  flowered  species  seem  to  be 
always  synacmic  and  self-fertile,  although  with  the  proba- 
bility of  frequent  intercrossing  by  aid  of  insects  attracted 
by  the  nectar  which  is  secreted  within  the  calyx  tube  (see 
Behrens,  Flora,  1879,  p.  246,  and  Bonnier,  Ann.  Sci.  nat., 
ser.  6,  viii.  p.  115,  note),  and  commonly  protected  by  the 
dilated  bases  of  the  filaments  or  a  nectar  guard  of  hairs 
within  the  calyx.  In  E.  spicatum  the  broad  filaments  are 
supplemented  in  this  protective  function  by  hairs  on  the 
lower  part  of  the  style.  The  principal  publications  on  the 
pollination  of  the  genus  are  as  follows :  Beal,  Amer.  Nat. 
xiv.  p.  203;  Beyer,  Spontanen  Bewegungen,  Wehlau,  1888 
(Just,  xvi.  2,  p.  523)  ;  Delpino,  Alcuni  Appunti*  p.  19, 
Ulterior!  Osservazione,  ii.  2,  p.  159,  Bot.  Zeitung,  1*869, 
810,  and  Malpighia,  i.  (Just,  xv.  1,  p.  318);  Gray, 
Amer.  Naturalist,  1876,  p.  43,  Amer.  Agriculturist,  1876, 
p.  142,  and  Struct.  Bot.  p.  222 ;  Henslow,  Pop.  Sci.  Rev. 
1879,  p.  8 ;  Kerner,  Flowers  and  their  Unbidden  Guests, 
p.  102;  Eirchner,  Program,  68  Jahresfeier  Wiirttemb. 
Landw.  Akad.  Hohenheim,  1886  (Just,  xiv.  1,  p.  790), 
and  Flora  von  Stuttgart,  p.  412  et  seq.;  Lubbock,  Nature, 
x.  p.  403-5,  and  Brit.  Wild.  Fl.  in  rel.  to  Insects,  index; 
Mutter,  Alpenblumen,  p.  209,  Befruchtung  der  Blumen,  p. 
189,  Nature,  ix.  p.  165,  and  Weitere  Beobachtungen,  p. 
237;  Schulz,  Bibliotheca  Botanica,  Heft  10,  p.  35,  and 
Heft  17,  p.  73  and  118  ;  Sprengel,  Entdecktes  Geheimniss, 
p.  4  and  223-224;  Thomson,  Trans.  Bot.  Soc.  Edinburgh 


74  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL   GARDEN. 

xiv.  p.  101 ;  Vdchting  Ber.  Deutsch.  Bot.  Gesellsch.  1885 
(Just,  xiii.  1,  p.  23 and  734),  and  Pringsheim's  Jahrb.  wiss. 
Bot.  xvii.  p.  301,  pi.  16  ;  and  Warming,  Bygningen  .  .  .  af 
gronlandske  Blomster,  Copenhagen,  1886,  p.  32. — Ex- 
cept for  the  notes  by  Beal  and  Gray,  these  all  pertain  to 
observations  made  in  the  old  world. 

The  development  of  the  ovule,  in  some  cases  including 
the  curious  beak  at  what  appears  to  be  the  apex,  but  is,  in 
reality,  the  point  at  which  the  anatropous  seed  bends  down- 
ward, on  which  the  coma  is  inserted  in  many  species,  is 
more  or  less  fully  discussed  by  Baillon,  Adansonia,  xi. 
(Just,  iv.  p.  461);  Hildebrand,  Bot.  Zeitung,  1872,  236- 
7,  pi.  4,  f.  6-8;  and  Warming,  Ann.  des  Sci.  nat.,  ser. 
6,  v.  p.  238.  The  seed-coats  are  treated  by  Barbey,  I.  c. 
pi.  21,  and  Marloth,  Engler's  Bot.  Jahrbiicher,  iv.  The 
mechanism  of  the  dehiscence  of  the  capsules  is  described 
by  Beck,  Sitzber.  Zool.-Bot.  Ges.  Wien,  xxxv.  p.  23  (Just, 
xiv.  1,  p.  832)  ;  Eichholz,  Pringsheim's  Jahrb.  fur  wiss. 
Bot.  xvii.  p.  573,  pi.  35  ;  and  Leclerc  du  Sablon,  Ann.  Sci. 
nat.,  ser.  6,  xviii.  p.  66.  The  arrangements  for  dissem- 
ination are  further  considered  by  Hildebrand,  Verbreitungs- 
mittel  der  Pflanzen,  p.  68,  69, 105,  135,  142:  and  Chick- 
ering,  in  Bot.  Gazette,  ix.  p.  193,  shows  with  what 
remarkable  promptness  the  fire-weed,  E.  spicatum,  appears 
over  large  forest  areas  after  they  had  been  burned  off. 
None  of  the  species  have  any  striking  economic  value. 


REVISION   OF   EPILOBIUM.  75 


ARTIFICIAL  KEY  TO   NORTH  AMERICAN   SPECIES. 

A.  Stigma  deeply  4-lobed  or  4-cleft. 

1.  Seeds  not  prominently  papillate,  mostly  smooth. 

Flowers  purple  or  pale,  never  yellow. 

Flowers  very  large,  opening  nearly  flat. 

Seeds  long  and  narrow,  with  persistent  coma :  pubes- 
cence not  glandular. 

Leaves  with  very  evident  looped  veins :  bracts 

small :  style  pubescent  at  base . . .  E.  spicatum. 

Veins    inconspicuous,  rarely    looped:   bracts 

leafy :  style  glabrous E .  latifolium. 

Seeds  broad:    ovary  soft-glandular:   bracts  reduced, 

E.rigidum. 

Flowers  smaller,  less  open:   seeds  short  and  broad,  with 

easily  falling  coma E.  paniculatum. 

Flowers  bright  yellow,  large  but  not  opening  widely:  leaves 
broad,  toothed,  glabrous E.  luteum. 

2.  Seeds  papillately  roughened  under  the  microscope. 

Flowers  cream-colored,  smaller:  leaves   narrow,  entire,  can- 

escent E.  suffruticoswn. 

Flowers  purple  or  pale,  never  yellow. 

Hirsute  or  tomentose  with  long  spreading  white  hairs, 

E.  hirsutum. 

Glabrous,  canescent,  or  short  glandular. 
Flowers  very  large  and  open:   plants  rather  low,  per- 
ennial, nearly  simple  above :  leaves  broad. 

Leaves  acute  at  both  ends,  entire E.  rigidum. 

Leaves  rounded  at  base,  repand-toothed,  E.  obcordatum. 
Flowers  less  open :  plants  tall,  dichotomous  or  panicled : 

leaves  elongated E.  paniculatum  and  var.  jucundum. 

E.  exaltatum  (cf.  adenocaulori),  E.  Oreganum  (cf.  glaberrimum),  and 
another  supposed  hybrid,  which  is  mentioned  under  Hornemanni,  would 
be  looked  for  under  A,  because  of  their  stigmatic  characters. 
JB.  Stigma  entire  or  only  notched :  flowers  never  yellow. 
1.  Seeds  not  prominently  papillate,  mostly  smooth. 

Seeds  broadly  obovoid,  very  blunt :  coma  easily  falling :  leaves 
subpetioled,  narrow,  acute. 

Glabrous  or  glandular,  dichotomous:  leaves  mostly  veined, 
often  incurved  or  folded  along  the  midrib:   seeds   very 

large  (1x2  mm.) E.  paniculatum. 

Crisp-pubescent,  simple  or  panicled:  leaves  mostly  veinless : 

seeds  half  as  large E.  minutum. 

Seeds  fusiform :  coma  more  persistent. 


76  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL   GARDEN. 

Leaves  minutely  revolute, smoother  seeded  forms  of 

the  group  of  E.  palustre. 

Leaves  not  revolute :  stem  simple  or  few  branched  below. 
Leaves  rather  ample,  ovate  to  elliptical,  some  of  them 
usually  toothed.     (E.  glandulosum,  with  seed  papillae 
collapsed,  might  be  sought  here.) 
Glandular-pubescent:  leaves  sessile,  some  of  them 
broadly  decurrent:    seeds   very   long,   blunt   at 
base,    tapering    above   into  a  broad  pale  apex, 

E.  Halleanum. 

Crisp-pubescent    in  lines:    leaves  not  decurrent: 
seeds  shorter,  more  acute  below,  with  narrower 
sometimes  very  short  and  abrupt  beak. 
Alaskan  species  with  rosy  flowers. 
Erect:  leaves  elliptical,  tapering  to  each  end, 

petioled;  flowers  nodding E.  Bongardi. 

Ascending  at  base:  leaves  ovate,  the  upper  ses- 
sile; flowers  erect E.  Behringianum. 

Extending  southward  in  the  mountains :  stems  as- 
cending at  base :  leaves  petioled. 
Flowers  violet,    medium    sized:    leaves  dark 
green  or  purple:    seeds    blunt   above,  .  .  . 
exceptionally    smooth-seeded    plants    of 

E.  Hornemanni. 

Mowers  white,  very  small:  leaves  thin,  light 
green :  seeds  (seen  from  in  front)  gradually 

attenuated  to  the  beak E.  alpinum. 

Leaves  quite  small,  usually  nearly  entire. 

Stem  ascending  or  almost  creeping,  often  S-shaped, 
cespitose :  leaves  relatively  broad  and  spreading, 

uniformly  distributed, E .  anagallidifolium. 

Stem  erect,  not  cespitose:  leaves  strict,  the  up- 
permost remote  and  linear E.  Oregonense. 

2.  Seeds  papillately  roughened  under  the  microscope. 

a.  Leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  generally  without 
conspicuous  lateral  veins. 

Leaves  slightly  revolute:  sobols  filiform,  at  length  ending 
in  large  turions :  seeds  large,  elongated. 
Simple  or  nearly  so,  crisp-pubescent:  leaves  sessile, 

usually  obtuse E.  paluatre. 

Mostly  branched  above ;  leaves  more  acute. 

Crisp-pubescent:    leaves    very    narrow,    petioled, 

E.  lineare. 

Softly  white-glandular:   leaves  lanceolate,  sessile, 

E.  strictum. 

Leaves  not  revolute,  sometimes  involute  in  paniculatum. 
Innovations  and  seeds  as  iu  the  last  group, 

hybrids  of  E.  palustre* 


REVISION   OF   EPILOBIUM.  77 

Innovations  various,  never  filiform. 

Rosuliferous,  unbranched,  not   cespitose:    leaves 
very  blunt,  crowded  below:  seeds  as  in  the  last 

group E.  Davuricum. 

Annuals,  with  broad  obovoid  seeds  and  very  decidu- 
ous coma. 
Dichotomous,  glabrous   or   glandular:    seeds 

large  (1x2  mm.) E.  paniculatum. 

Simple  or  panicled,  crisp-pubescent:  seeds  half 

as  large E.  minutum. 

Txtrioniferous :  coma  more  persistent.   Small  plants. 
Branched :  leaves  small,  acute,  petioled :  coma 

reddish E.  leptocarpum 

Simple,  or  sometimes  branched  below  in  the 

first  and  cespitose  in  the  last:  leaves  sessile 

or  subsessile :  seeds  broader,  with  pale  coma. 

Tomentose    throughout     and     somewhat 

pilose E.  ursinum,  var.  subfalcatum. 

No  long  hairs:  glabrous  below  or  crisp- 
pubescent  in  lines  only. 

Not     cespitose:    pubescence    scanty: 

leaves  obtuse,  drying  light,  the  upper 

nearly  linear.  .E.  delicatum,  var.  tenuc. 

Often  cespitose :  quite  glandular  above, 

even  as  to  the  subacute  leaves  which 

dry  dark E.  saximontanum. 

Sobolif erous  and  cespitose,  glaucous :  seeds  broad, 

E.  glaberrimum. 

Ceepitose  by  stolons,very  slender-stemmed,  notpilose, 
occasionally  glaucous  in  the  first:  seeds  elongated. 
Leaves  erect,  narrow,  keeled  below, 

E.  Oregonense,  var.  gradllimum. 

Leaves  more  spreading,   broader,  not  keeled, 

E.  clavaium. 

i>.  Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate,  evidently  toothed,  veiny  (or  often 
siibentire  and  less  veiny  in  the  last  three),  not  revolute. 
Dichotomous,  annual:  pubescence  not  crisp:  leaves  slender- 
stalked,  acute :  seeds  very  broad  and  obtuse, 

E.  paniculatum. 

Simple    or     nearly    so,    apparently    annual:    pubescence 

crisp, dwarf  form  referred  to  E.  adenocaulon. 

Eosulif  erous :  not  glaucous :  leaves  with  at  least  short  winged 
petioles. 

Flowers  large  for  the  group,  the  violet  petals  6  to  10 
mm.  long.    Pacific  species. 

Stem  subtomentose,  little  branched:  leaves  elliptic- 
al, obtuse:  flowers  protruding  beyond  the  ter- 
minal leaves E.  Watsoni* 


78  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

Glabrate  below,  more  branched:  leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late, the  upper  acute. 

Leaves  crowded  above:  flowers  hardly  surpassing 
the  uppermost  leaves :  glandular  pubescence  coarse 

and  dingy  above E.  Franciscanum. 

(Young  glandulosum  and  boreale  might  be  sought 

here.) 

Leaves  more  remote:  flowers  conspicuously  pro- 
truding: pubescence  fine,  sometimes  incurved, 

E.  adenocaulon,  var.  occidentale. 

Flowers  smaller,  the  petals  3  to  5  mm.  long. 

Seeds  obconical,  beakless,  1.5  mm.  long:  coma 
reddish  :  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  sharply  serru- 
late  E.  coloratum, 

Seeds  nearly  ellipsoidal,  about  1  mm.  long,  short- 
beaked  at  summit :  coma  white  or  pale. 
Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate. 

Much  branched:   leaves  often  obtuse,  not 
deeply  serrulate,  at  least  the  uppermost 

and  the  twigs  silky E.  holosericeum 

Little    branched:    leaves    acute,    sharply 

toothed,  glabrate E.  Fendleri. 

Leaves  broader,  elliptical  to  ovate -lanceolate. 
Sharply  toothed :  flower  buds  crisp-pubes- 
cent. 

Southwestern:  leaves  elliptical,  ob- 
tuse  E.  Novo-Mexicanwn. 

Northwestern  and  Pacific:  leaves 
ovate-  to  triangular-lanceolate :  pubes- 
cence chiefly  glandular, 

E.  adenocaulon. 

Alaskan:    leaves    broadly    lanceolate, 
acute:  pubescence  crisp.. E.  boreale. 
Less  deeply  and  sharply  toothed :  petioles 
frequently  very  short  in  the  first. 
Pubescence  fine,  short-glandular  (or  in 
some  forms  somewhat  crisp), 

E.  adenocaulon. 

Pubescence  not  glandular,  somewhat  di- 
vergent above  in  the  second. 
Finally  much  branched:   lower  leaves 
obtuse:  pubescence  short  and  subto- 
mentose  on  flower  buds. .  .E.  Parishu. 
Little  branched:  leaves  acute,  thin  and 
elongated:      pubescence     of     buds 
coarse,  somewhat  spreading, 

E.  Caltfornicum. 


REVISION    OF   EPILOBIUM.  79 

Turioniferous    plants    only  exceptionally    branching,    not 
glaucous. 
Leaves  petioled,  small  and  spreading, 

E.  leptocarpum,  var.  Macounii. 

Leaves  frequently  petioled,  ample. 

Alaskan:    branching,  leafy:  leaves  serrate,  drying 

dark E.  boreale. 

Of  the  Columbia  region :  simple,  less  leafy :  leaves 

low-denticulate,  light  green E.  delicatum. 

Leaves  sessile  (or  subpetioled  in  saximontanum  if 
looked  for  here,  and  as  to  occasional  leaves  of 
brevistylum) . 

Some   leaves    clasping-decurrent:   stem    mostly   sim- 
ple:  seeds  obtuse  below,  gradually  tapering  above 

into  a  broad  pale  beak E.  Halleanum. 

Leaves  not  decurrent:  seeds  acute  below,  more  abruptly 
short-beaked. 

Leaves  medium-sized:   petals  about  5  mm.:   seeds 
rather  acute  at  top. 

Pubescence  long  and  spreading  below, 

E.  ursinum. 

Pubescence  not  pilose. 

Leaves  narrow,  typically  erect,  acute, 

E.  Drummondii. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute:  stem  very 

crisp-pubescent  above,.,  young  E.  boreale. 

Leaves  ovate,  more  obtuse,  drying  pale: 

pubescence  scanty E.  brevistylum. 

Leaves  ample,  broadly  ovate,  the  upper  often  ex- 
ceeding   the    inflorescence,  drying   dark:    petals 
about  7  ram. :  seeds  obtuse  at  top....ff.  glandulosum. 
Soboliferous,  ascending  at  base,  at  length  often  cespitose  or 
with  sterile  basal  shoots. 

Glaucous,  without  pubescent  lines:  leaves  subsessile, 

..broad-leaved  E.  glaberrimum,  and  its  var.  latifolium. 

Not  glaucous,  crisp-pubescent  in  lines:  leaves  evidently 

petioled,  rather  thin E.  Hornemanni. 

Stoloniferous,  ascending  at  base,  quite  cespitose:  leaves 
email  for  the  group,  often  nearly  sessile,  firm, 

E.  clavatum. 


80  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL   GARDEN. 


SYNOPSIS   OF  NOBTH   AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

§1.  Chamcenerion. — Calyx  cleft  almost  to  the  ovary:  corolla  slightly 
irregular,  the  petals  usually  entire,  widely  expanding,  their  margins 
scarcely  meeting :  stamens  inserted  in  a  single  series,  the  filaments  di- 
lated below:  style  at  first  recurved :  stigma  with  4  ultimately  divergent 
lobes:  capsule  mostly  linear-fusiform,  many-seeded:  seeds  fusiform, 
beakless,  not  papillate  in  our  species.  — Cespitose  perennials  from  a  stout 
caudex  bearing  sessile  scaly  winter  buds,  with  terete  stems  scaly  below, 
and  ample  leaves ;  our  species  more  or  less  canesceut  but  not  glandular. 

1.  E.  SPICATUM,  Lam.  —  Mostly  a  couple  of  feet  high, 
subsimple,  glabrate  below;  leaves  as  much  as  150  mm. 
long,  alternate,  lanceolate,  acute,  nearly  entire,  very  short- 
stalked,  paler  below,  thin,  pinnately  veined  with  the  evi- 
dent lateral  veins  confluent  in  submarginal  loops ;  inflor- 
escence elongated,  racemose,  with  small  bracts;  young 
flower-buds  soon  reflexed  but  again  spreading  or  ascending 
before  expansion;  petals  10  to  15  mm.  long;  style  ex- 
ceeding the  stamens,  hairy  at  base;  capsules  50  to  75  mm. 
long,  from  subsessile  to  long-stalked;  seeds  .4  x  1.4  mm., 
with  very  long  dingy  coma.  —  Fl.  Fr.  iii.  (1778),  482  ;  Wat- 
son, Index,  366.  — E.  angusti folia,  p.  L.  Sp.  347.  — E. 
angusti folium,  Hausskn.  Monogr.  37,  and  many  writers.  — 
Usually  on  hillsides,  railroad  embankments,  etc.,  Labrador 
to  Alaska,  south  to  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  Illi- 
nois, New  Mexico,  and  the  hills  of  southern  California ;  also 
in  Greenland,  Europe  and  Asia. — Specimens  examined  from 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  Delaware,  Ohio,  Michigan,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Ne- 
braska, New  Mexico,  Utah,  Colorado,  Montana,  Arizona, 
Nevada,  California,  Oregon,  Alaska,  and  various  parts  of 
Canada  and  British  America.  —  Plate  1. 

Varying  much  in  breadth  of  leaves,  length  of  capsule, 
and  degree  of  canescence.  An  albino  with  more  than 
usually  canescent  pods  is  var.  canescens,  Wood,  Class  Book, 
2  ed.,  262,  which  is  essentially  the  forma  albiflora  of  Hauss- 
knecht,  Monogr.  38,  and  Britton,  Cat.  PI.  N.  J.,  108.  Lux- 


REVISION   OF   EPILOBIUM.  81 

uriant  specimens  collected  in  Alaska  by  Harrington,  in 
1872,  have  leaves  40  mm.  wide,  bracts  leafy,  and  the  style 
storter  than  the  stamens  but  hairy  at  base. 

Though  Professor  Haussknecht  adopts  the  Linnean  name 
for  this  species,  it  appears  wiser  to  use  that  proposed  by 
Lamarck,  the  typical  angustifolium  of  Linnseus  being  ac- 
cording to  him  what  is  commonly  known  as  E.  Dodoncei, 
Till. 

2.  E.  LATIFOLIUM,  L.  —  A  span  to  usually  a  foot  or  more 
high,  frequently  branched,  mostly  glabrate  below ;  leaves 
rarely  50  mm.  long,  usually  opposite  and  connected  below 
on  the  branches  and  rarely  on  the  main  stem,  lanceolate  to 
ovate,  acute  at  both  ends,  entire  or  sparingly  and  minutely 
denticulate,  scarcely  petioled,  pale,  rather  coriaceous,  the 
mostly  free  lateral  veins  inconspicuous ;  inflorescence  usually 
short  and  few  flowered,  leafy  throughout,  the  buds  not  re- 
flexed  ;  petals  15  to  30  mm.  long,  rather  narrow;  style 
shorter  than  the  stamens,  glabrous ;  capsules  sometimes  short 
and  stout ;  seeds  .5  x  2  to  2.5mm. ;  otherwise  like  the  last.  — 
Sp.  i.  (1753),  347;  Watson,  Index,  365;  Haussknecht, 
Monogr.  190.  — Damp  places,  Arctic  America  from  Labra- 
dor to  Alaska,  extending  southward  to  Canada  ( Allen) ,  the 
mountains  of  Colorado,  and  N.  E.  Oregon.  Also  in  the 
arctic  regions  of  the  Old  World,  extending  in  Asia  to  the 
Himalayas.  —  Specimens  examined  from  Labrador,  Canada, 
Repulse  Bay  (Hall),  Grinnell  Land  (Greely),  Montana, 
Colorado,  Union  Co.  Oregon  (Cusick),  British  Columbia, 
Alaska,  and  the  islands  of  Bering  Strait.  — Plate  2. 

Our  plants  belong  to  the  less  hairy  and  more  glaucous  form . 
The  name  was  originally  spelled  latifolia  by  Linnaeus. 
Plants  from  a  high  latitude  are  usually  larger-flowered,  with 
broad  petals,  constituting  the  variety  grandiflvrum,  Britton. 

\  2.  Ly8imachion.  —  Ca.\Yx.  with  an  evident  thongh  usually  short  tube 
mostly  somewhat  hairy  within :  corolla  regular,  the  petals  deeply  notched 
or  obcordate,  usually  not  expanding  beyond  funnel  form,  their  margins 
then  overlapping :  stamens  inserted  in  two  more  or  less  distinct  whorls, 
those  opposite  the  sepals  longer  and  more  deeply  inserted:  .style  not 
declined,  mostly  glabrous. 


82  MISSOURI  BOTANICAL   GARDEN. 

:  *  Stigma  4-cleft:  seeds  beakless. — Perennials  with  rather  slender 
caudex  or  root-stock  and  usually  terete  stems  (somewhat  quadrangular 
in  suffruticosum,  and  with  decurrent  lines  in  luteum). — From  the  stig- 
matic  characters,  E.  exaltatum  and  E.  Oreganum  might  be  looked  for 
here. 

*-  Capsules  linear-fusiform,  as  much  as  75  mm.  long,  many-seeded: 
seeds  beakless.  —  Rather  tall  plants  with  ample  conspicuously  veined 
chiefly  opposite  leaves,  and  large  flowers  with  short  and  open  calyx- 
tube. 

E.  HIRSUTUM,  L.  —  Spreading  by  long  subterranean 
shoots  at  length  bulbiferous  or  rosuliferous  at  end,  mostly 
a  couple  of  feet  high,  with  ascending  branches,  hirsute  with 
soft  white  hairs ;  leaves  as  much  as  75  mm.  long,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute,  prominently  serrulate,  sessile  and  fre- 
quently clasping-decurrent,  thin  but  not  very  veiny ; 
flowers  rather  abundant  in  the  upper  axils,  erect;  petals 
rose-purple,  10  to  15  mm.  long,  hairy  at  base  within;  style 
included;  capsules  short  stalked;  seeds  oblong,  densely 
papillate,  .5  x  1.1  mm.,  with  pale  coma.  —  Sp.  i.  (1753), 
347;  Watson,  Index,  365.  —  Waste  grounds  at  various 
points  on  the  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island  coast,  and  in 
the  interior  of  New  York  and  Ontario.  —  A  European  plant 
doubtfully  established  in  this  country.  —  Plate  3. 

E.  PAKVTFLORUM,  Schreber,  an  old  world  species  of  the  pubescence 
and  habit  of  the  preceding,  but  rosuliferous  at  base  and  with  very  much 
smaller  flowers,  has  been  collected  on  ballast  at  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  by  Hon. 
Addison  Brown,  but  does  not  belong  to  our  flora.  It  has  also  been  re- 
ported as  E.  pubescens,  Roth. 

3.  E.  LUTEDM,  Pursh.  —  A  foot  or  two  high,  nearly 
simple,  glabrate  below  except  along  the  elevated  lines 
decurrent  from  some  of  the  nodes;  leaves  25  to  75  mm. 
long,  ovate  or  elliptical  to  broadly  lanceolate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  sinuate-toothed,  sessile  or  when  large  obliquely 
tapering  to  winged  petioles,  slightly  fleshy,  rather  pale; 
inflorescence  more  or  less  incurved-  or  glandular-pubes- 
cent, the  flowers  at  first  nodding,  not  very  numerous,  in 
the  axils  of  the  somewhat  crowded  and  frequently  reduced 
upper  leaves;  petals  bright  yellow,  15  to  18  mm.  long; 


REVISION   OF    EPILOBIUM.  83 

style  frequently  exserted,  its  obconical  apex  mostly  deeply 
4-parted;  capsules  long-stalked,  more  or  less  puberulent; 
seeds  obovoid,  very  acute  at  base,  smooth  or  slightly 
areolated,  .5  x  1.25  mm. ;  coma  at  length  reddish.  — Fl.  i. 
(1814),  259;  Watson,  Index,  365;  Haussknecht,  Monogr. 
245  ;  Barbey  &  Cuisin,  pi.  1.  —  Oregon  to  Alaska  and  the 
islands  of  the  Northwest,  east  to  the  Selkirk  Eange  of 
British  Columbia.  Also  in  eastern  Siberia,  fide  Ledebour .  — 
Specimens  examined  from  Alaska,  Washington,  Oregon, 
and  the  Selkirk  Range  (Macoun}. 

•*-  •»-  Capsules  rather  short,  subclavate-fusif orm,  fewer-seeded.  — 
Rather  low  and  slender-stemmed  more  or  less  cespitose  plants,  with 
bark  usually  somewhat  papery-exfoliating  at  base. 

+-  Leaves  rather  broad:  flowers  large,  rose-purple :  style  shorter  than 
the  petals :  seeds  oblong-fusiform,  papillate  (except  in  the  first?). 

4.  E.  RIGIDUM,  Hausskn.  —  A  span  or  two  high,  sub- 
simple,  glabrous  and  rather  glossy  at  base,  glandular-pubes- 
cent above ;   leaves  about  40  mm.  long,  the  upper  more  or 
less  alternate,  lanceolate  to  nearly  obovate,  acute,  entire, 
frequently  oblique,  cuneately  narrowed  into  short  winged 
petioles,  glabrous  and  very  glaucous,  firm,  with  mostly  in- 
conspicuous lateral  veins ;  flowers  rather  few  in  the  axils  of 
the  reduced  upper  leaves  which  are  often  adnate  to  the 
bases  of  the  peduncles ;   ovary  densely  white-glandular ; 
calyx  cleft  to  within  1  mm.  of  the  base,  open ;  petals  15 
to   20  mm.  long;    stigma  very  large,  its  surface  pilose- 
papillate  ;  seeds  (immature)  apparently  smooth.  —  Oesterr. 
bot.  Zeitschr.  xxix.  (1879), 51 ;  Monogr.  249,  pi.  13, f.  64.  — 
Southern   Oregon:     Coast  Range,   lat.   42°  (fide  Hauss- 
knecht);    Waldo    (Howell,    July    1888,    distributed    as 
No.  698).  — Plate  5. 

Var.  CANESCENS. —  Densely  velvety-canescent  through- 
out. —Waldo,  Oregon  (Howell,  July  12, 1887,  No.  698). 

5.  E.  OBCORDATUM,  Gray.  —  About  a   span  high,  con- 
siderably branched  near  the  base  and  sometimes  with  long 

6 


84  MISSOURI  BOTANICAL   GARDEN. 

sparingly  leafy  decumbent  branches,  glabrous  or  with  glandu- 
lar inflorescence;  leaves  15  to  20  ram.  long,  all  opposite, 
elliptical  to  ovate,  obtuse,  remotely  repand  toothed,  abruptly 
rounded  to  short  winged  petioles,  typically  very  glaucous 
with  inconspicuous  lateral  veins  but  dry  ing  rather  thin  ;  flow- 
ers few,  often  slender-peduncled,  in  the  axils  of  the  scarcely 
reduced  upper  leaves  ;  calyx-tube  cylindrical  to  funnel-form, 
2  to  4  mm.  long;  petals  about  15  mm.  long;  capsules 
less  clavate,  about  30  mm.  long,  equalling  or  exceeding  the 
very  slender  peduncles ;  stigma  only  half  as  large  as  in  the 
last,  with  short  papillae;  seeds  .5  x  1.5  to  1.7  mm.,  finely 
papillate;  coma  white  or  dingy. — Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  vi. 
(1865),  532;  Watson,  Index,  365;  Haussknecht,  Mon- 
ograph, 250,  pi.  15,  f.  69  ;  Barbey  &  Cuisin,  pi.  3.  — Cen- 
tral California,  and  in  the  East  Humboldt  Mountains  of 
Nevada  (  Watson).  —  Plate  6. 

*+  •«•  Leaves  relatively  narrower :  flowers  smaller,  cream-colored : 
style  exserted:  seeds  nearly  obconical,  closely  low-papillate. 

6 .  E .  SUFFRUTICOSUM  ,  Nutt .  —  More  woody  and  i  ntricat  ely 
much  branched  at  base,  a  span  high,  minutely  canescent 
throughout  or  at  length  glabrate  below  ;  leaves  numerous, 
under  20  mm.  long,  mainly  opposite,  broadly  lanceolate, 
acutish,  entire,  cuneately  narrowed  but  hardly  petioled, 
thick,  with  inconspicuous  veins;  flowers  rather  few  in  the 
axils  of  the  scarcely  reduced  upper  leaves ;  calyx-tube 
broadly  funnel-form,  about  3  mm.  long;  petals  5  to  8  mm. 
long;  capsule  25  mm.  long,  short-stalked;  seeds  .8  to 
1  x  2.3  to  2.5  mm. ;  coma  long  and  very  dingy,  readily  fall- 
ing.—Torr.  &  Gr.Fl.  i.  (1840),  488;  Watson,  Index,  367; 
Haussknecht,  Monogr.  250,  pi.  13,  f.  63;  Coulter,  Rocky 
Mt.  Botany,  102  ;  Barbey  &  Cuisin,  pi.  4.  —  Oregon  (^Nut- 
tall)  to  northwestern  Montana  and  the  Yellowstone  Park. 
—  Plate?. 

*  *  Stigma  more  or  less  4-cleftin  the  larger  flowers,  usually  subentire 
in  the  smaller:  capsules  prominently  ribbed,  rather  short  and  few 
seeded:  seeds  beakless,  very  broad  and  blunt,  usually  abruptly  con- 


REVISION    OF   EPILOBIUM.  85 

tracted  above  the  base,  areolate  or  low-papillate:  coma  pale,  falling 
easiiy. — Mostly  slender  annuals  with  terete  stems  more  or  less  glandular- 
pubescent  above  and  with  somewhat  exfoliating  bark  at  base,  and  rather 
firm  nearly  veinless  leaves  except  in  broad-leaved  forms  of  paniculatum. 

7.  E.  PANICULATDM,  Nutt.  —  A  foot  or  two  high,  loosely 
dichotomous,  mostly  glabrate  at  base ;  leaves  30  to  50 
mm.  long,  chiefly  alternate  and  fascicled  in  the  axils, 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  often  somewhat  folded 
along  the  midrib,  acute,  rather  sparingly  denticulate,  taper- 
ing to  a  slender  winged  base,  gradually  passing  into  the 
smaller  bracts  ;  flowers  rather  remote,  toward  the  ends  of 
the  ascending  branches,  erect,  the  bracts  often  carried  up 
on  their  peduncles  ;  calyx-tube  very  narrowly  funnel-form, 
3  to  6  mm.  long ;  petals  about  8  mm.  long,  violet ;  capsules 
fusiform,  falcate,  ascending,  about  20 mm.  long;  seeds  1x2 
mm.,  low  papillate.  — Torr.  &  Gr.  Fl.  i.  (1840),  490; 
Watson,  Index,  366  ;  Haussknecht,  Monogr.  246,  pi.  2,  f. 
27  ;  Barbey  &  Cuisin,  pi.  8 ;  Coulter,  Rocky  Mt.  Bot.  102.  — 
San  Diego  county,  California,  to  Vancouver  Island,  Ari- 
zona and  Colorado,  extending  eastward  through  British 
America  to  the  Canadian  shore  of  Lake  Huron  (  Macoun). — 
Specimens  examined  from  Vancouver  Island  and  various 
points  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  British  America,  Washing- 
ton, Oregon,  California,  Nevada,  Arizona,  Utah,  Colorado, 
Idaho,  and  Montana,  as  well  as  the  Lake  Huron  specimen  of 
Macoun.  —  Plate  8. 

Quite  variable  in  robustness,  length  of  calyx-tube,  size  of 
flowers  (sometimes  not  over  3  mm.  long)  and  leaves,  and 
in  the  staring  pubescence,  which  sometimes  stops  abruptly 
a  short  distance  below  the  ovary,  while  some  specimens  are 
perfectly  glabrous  and  others  very  glandular  throughout. 

Var.  JUCUNDUM  (Gray). — Usually  somewhat  glaucous, 
less  dichotomous,  and  with  shorter  and  more  thyrsoid  in- 
florescence ;  leaves  rather  firmer ;  petals  as  much  as  20 
mm.  long  and  rather  widely  expanding,  deep  violet ;  style 
frequently  exserted ;  capsules  erect  and  mostly  crowded  : 
otherwise  like  the  type,  which  almost  passes  into  it  through 


88  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

the  larger-flowered  forms  —  E.  jucundum,  Gray,  Proc. 
Amer.  Acad.  xii.  (1876),  57;  Barbey  &  Cuisin,  pi.  11.  — 
E.  paniculatum,  ft.  tubulosa,  Haussknecht,  Monogr.  247. 
—  California:  Sierra  and  Siskiyou  counties  (  Greene}  and 
Plumas  county  (Mrs.  Ames),  to  Washington  (Pringle, 
Suksdorf).—  Plate  9. 

8.  E.  MINUTUM,  Lindl.  —  A  span  or  two  to  occasion- 
ally a  foot  or  more  high,  simple  or  mostly  with  ascend- 
ing branches  throughout,  crisp-pubescent  below ;  leaves 
under  20  mm.  long,  usually  alternate  except  in  small 
specimens,  narrowly  to  broadly  lanceolate  or  the  lowest 
spatulate,  acutish,  undulate,  cuneately  narrowed  to  the 
slender  winged  base,  the  uppermost  scarcely  bract-like ; 
flowers  rather  numerous,  distributed  along  the  stem,  erect; 
calyx-tube  broadly  funnel-form,  short;  petals  3  to  4  mm. 
long,  violet  or  pale ;  capsules  arcuate-ascending,  about  25 
mm.  long,  much  narrowed  to  the  base,  short-stalked ;  seeds 
.3  to  .5  x  .7  to  1  mm., reticulated  or  low-papillate.  —  Hooker, 
Flor.  Bor.-Amer.  i.  (1833)  207;  Watson,  Index,  365; 
Haussknecht,  Monogr.  248;  Barbey  &  Cuisin,  pi.  7.  — Cali- 
fornia to  Vancouver  Island,  east  to  Lake  Athabasca  ( Ma* 
cown). — Specimens  examined  from  California,  Oregon, 
Washington,  Vancouver  Island,  and  various  points  in  British 
Columbia.  — Plate  10. 

Var.  FOLIOSUM,  Torr.  &Gr.  Fl.  i.  (1840),  490,  is  a  form 
of  the  general  distribution  of  the  species,  with  narrow 
leaves  much  fascicled  in  the  axils.  —  Specimens  examined 
from  Guadelupe  Island  (Palmer,  31  ),and  the  regions  named. 

While  the  stigma  varies  from  nearly  peltate  or  capitate 
and  subentire  to  somewhat  4-lobed,  the  fimbriation  which 
led  Spach  (Monogr.  Onagr.  1835,  84  ;  Ann.  Sci.  nat.,  2  ser. 
iv.  174)  to  create  for  this  species  the  genus  Crossostigma, 
is  not  evident  in  any  specimen  studied  by  me.  It  may  pos- 
sibly refer  to  the  torn  'pollen  tubes  frequently  observable 
on  old  stigmas  from  which  the  germinated  pollen  has  been 
rubbed  away. 


REVISION   OF    EPILOBIDM.  87 

*  *  *  Stigma  clavate,  entire  or  but  slightly  notched:  coma  of  seeds 
mostly  persistent.  —  Plants  of  various  habit,  perennial  by  rhizomes, 
stolons,  turions,  etc.  (Exceptions  are  E.  exaltatum  and  E.  Oreganum, 
both  of  which  have  conspicuously  4-lobed  stigmas.) 

-•-  Spreading  by  filiform  remotely  scaly  subterranean  shoots,  which  end 
in  ovoid  winter  bulblets  with  fleshy  scales:  capsules  linear-fusiform, 
many  seeded:  seeds  more  or  less  papillate,  mostly  fusiform,  with  con- 
spicuous translucent  beak  at  insertion  of  coma.  —  Generally  slender 
plants  with  terete  stems  (or  these  with  slightly  prominent  or  pubescent 
lines  in  palustre),  narrow  minutely  revolute  leaves  entire  or  rarely  very 
remotely  and  obscurely  denticulate,  and  small  rosy  or  white  flowers  with, 
short  funnel-shaped  calyx-tube. 

++  A  foot  or  two  high,  usually  corymbose  above,  especially  in  the 
typical  form  of  the  second :  leaves  numerous,  ascending,  chiefly  alternate 
except  the  lowest,  cuneately  short  petioled  in  the  second  only :  flowers 
numerous,  erect,  in  the  upper  axils :  coma  somewhat  dingy. 

9.  E.  STRICTUM,  Muhl.  —  Pubescent  throughout  with  soft 
spreading  white  hairs  ;  leaves  25  to  40  mm.,  rather  obtuse, 
with  evident  lateral  veins ;  petals  4  to  7  mm.  long;  cap- 
sules 50  to  75  mm.,  much  exceeding  their  peduncles;  seeds 
.  4  to.  5  x  1.8  m  m.,  nearly  obconical,  more  prominently  papil- 
late than  those  of  the    following  two   species. — Catal. 
(1813),   39,   with   no   description  other  than  the    word 
"soft,"  referring  to  the  very  characteristic  pubescence; 
Sprengel,  Syst.  ii.  (1825),  233,  with  description;  Hauss- 
knecht,  Monogr.  254.— _#.  molle,  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  (1824), 
393,  but  not  Lamarck ;  Watson,  Index,  365 ;  Barbey  and 
Cuisin,  pi.  12  (the  text  as  E.  slrictum,  Muhl).  —  Bogs,  New 
England,  Canada*  West,  and  Minnesota,  to  Illinois  and  Vir- 
ginia. —  Specimens  examined  from  various  points  in  Canada, 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Khode 
Island,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia, 
Ohio,   Illinois,   Michigan,  Wisconsin,   and   Minnesota. — 
Plate  11. 

10.  E.    LINEARE,   Muhl.  —  Canescent   throughout  with 
short  incurved  hairs ;  leaves  as  long  as  in  the  last,  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute,  without  evident  lateral  veins;  petals  3  to 
5  mm.  long;  capsules  50  mm.,  of  ten  on  long  slender  pedun- 
cles ;  seeds  fusiform,  .4  x  1.5  mm.  —  Cat.  ( 1813),  39,  with 


88  SIISSOUKI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

no  description  further  than  the  expression  "  linear-leaved;'* 
Barton  Comp.  Fl.  Philad.  i.  (1818),  183;  Hausskn. 
Monogr.  255,  pi.  2,  f.  25.  — E.  paluslre,  var.  lineare,  Gray, 
and  Watson,  Index,  366.  —  Bogs,  New  Brunswick  to  the 
Selkirk  Range  (Macoun'),  south  to  the  Yellowstone  Park, 
Indian  Territory,  Illinois,  and  Delaware. — Specimens  ex- 
amined from  Prince  Edward's  Island  and  various  parts  of 
Canada  and  British  America,  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Mas- 
sachusetts, Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Delaware,  Ohio,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Kansas,  Indian 
Territory  (Bigelow),  Nebraska,  and  the  Yellowstone  re- 
gion. The  specimens  on  which  Haussknecht  extends  the 
range  of  lineare  to  Oregon  doubtless  belong  to  the  next 
species.  —  Plate  12. — Specimens  with  more  lanceolate  leaves 
with  evident  lateral  veins,  occasionally  occur,  even  in  regions 
where  E.  palustre  is  not  found,  so  that  they  can  scarcely 
be  looked  on  as  hybrids. 

Var.  OLIGANTHUM  (Michx.),  (E.  oliganthum,  Michx.  in 
part),  of  the  middle  Atlantic  region,  a  simple  few-flowered 
form  with  the  opposite  leaves  more  obtuse  and  less  evi- 
dently petioled,  may  perhaps  be  distinguished. 

If  the  custom  of  replacing  Muhlenberg's  names,  owing  to 
incomplete  description,  should  ever  become  prevalent,  the 
very  descriptive  name  E.  densum,  Raf.  Desv.  Journ.  de 
Bot.  ii.  (1814),  271,  may  come  to  replace  the  one  here 
employed  for  this  species. 

++  *-*  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  usually  simple,  rather  less  -woody :  leaves 
fewer,  suberect,  chiefly  opposite,  evidently  veined,  gradually  narrowed 
to  a  sessile  base:  flowers  few,  mostly  nodding  at  first:  coma  paler. 

11.  E.  PALUSTRE,  L.  —  Quite  canescent  above  with  in- 
curved hairs;  leaves  25  to  50  mm.  long,  narrowly  oblong  or 
exceptionally  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  almost  truncate  ;  fruiting 
peduncles  often  long  and  slender ;  seeds  fusiform,  .4  to 
.5  x  1.5  to  2  mm.,  with  prominent  scarcely  narrowed  trans- 
lucent apex.  —  Sp.  i.  (1753),  348;  Watson,  Index,  366; 
Haussknecht,  Monogr.  128.  —  Swamps  and  wet  places, 


REVISION    OF    EPILOBIUM.  89 

New  Brunswick  to  Alaska  and  the  northwestern  islands,  south 
to  lower  Canada,  the  mountains  of  Colorado,  and  Washing- 
ton ;  also  in  Europe  and  Asia,  extending  into  India:  — a 
boreal  plant,  so  far  as  our  continent  is  concerned.  —  Speci- 
mens examined  from  many  parts  of  Canada  and  British 
America,  Alaska,  Bering  Straits,  Washington  (Suksdorf, 
1881,  as  E.  coloratura)^  and  Colorado. — Plate  13. 

Forma  Labradorica,  Hausskn.  —  A  span  or  two  high; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  broadly  lanceolate,  more  diver- 
gent; flowers  solitary  or  few,  very  nodding. — Monogr. 
131. — Wet  places  and  bogs,  Labrador  to  the  White 
Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  in  the  former  locality,  es- 
pecially, passing  into  the  usual  western  form.  —  Plate  13. 

E.  anagallidifolium,  so  far  as  the  Eastern  States  are 
concerned,  seems  to  rest  upon  this  form,  which  in  a  dwarfed 
state  considerably  resembles  it,  but  may  always  be  recog- 
nized by  its  revolute  leaves,  very  cinereous  inflorescence, 
long,  papillate  seeds,  and  (when  obtainable)  filiform  bulb- 
iferous  shoots. 

-»-  -i-  Innovations  unknown :  habit  of  E.  palustre,  but  the  leaves  more 
alternate,  sparingly  toothed,  and  not  revolute :  seeds  obovoid,  beakless, 
slightly  papillate. 

E.  PSEUDO-LIXEARE,  Hausskn.  —  Slender-stemmed,  firm,  a  span  to  a 
foot  high,  pubescent  with  very  short  subappressed  hairs;  leaves  as 
much  as  20  mm.  long,  linear,  abruptly  callous-pointed,  mostly  promi- 
nently undulate-toothed,  sessile,  cinereous  on  both  faces,  rather  thick 
and  firm  and  without  conspicuous  lateral  veins;  petals  6  mm.  long, 
purple;  capsules  60  mm.,  slender,  on  rather  long  slender  peduncles; 
immature  seeds  obovoid,  rounded  at  top,  .5x1  mm.  —  Monogr.  263,  pi. 
16,  f.  73.  —  Calif ornia,  at  the  Russian  Settlement  (specimen  in  Hb. 
Petropol.),^de  Haussknecht. 

Unknown  to  me,  and  suspected  by  Professor  Haussknecht  to  be  a 
hybrid  of  uncertain  parentage. 

*-  -•-  -t-  Producing  at  baseof  stem  in  late  summer  and  autumn,  rosettes 
of  foliage  leaves,  sessile  or  ending  short  scaly  shoots:  leaves  not 
revolute,  more  or  less  toothed:  seeds  papillate. 

**  Habit  of  E.  palustre:  stems  terete  or  with  occasional  low  decurrent 
lines:  seeds  fusiform,  prominently  beaked. 


90  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

12.  E.  DAVURICUM,  Fischer.  —  A  span  or  two  high,  mostly 
simple,  the  very  slender  stem  sparingly  incurved-pubescent, 
otherwise  glabrous ;  roots  densely  fascicled ;  leaves  less 
than  15  mm.  long,  somewhat  crowded  at  base,  alternate 
and  remote  above,  linear  or  oblong,  obtuse,  remotely 
denticulate,  sessile,  1-nerved;  flowers  pale,  not  very 
numerous,  nodding ;  capsules  erect,  40  mm. ,  on  long  slender 
peduncles;  seeds  .4x1.5  mm.;  coma  white. — Hornem. 
Suppl.  Hort.  Bot.  Havn.  (1819),  44;  Haussknecht, 
Monogr.  145,  pi.  2,  f.  23  and  36.  —  Bogs,  Alaska  to  Wash- 
ington (fide  Haussknecht),  east  to  the  Selkirk  Range  of 
British  America  (Macouti).  A  Siberian  plant.  —  Plate  14. 

In  one  of  Professor  Macoun's  specimens  the  beak  of  the 
seed  is  very  narrow  and  .3  mm.  long. 

•M-  *+  Coarser,  branched  plants,  of  the  habit  of  E.  coloratum:  stems  with 
rather  prominent  ridges  decurrent  from  some  of  the  leaves  (or  these 
more  or  less  evanescent  in  holosericeum):  leaves  usually  ample,  com- 
monly toothed,  and  with  evident  lateral  veins :  capsules  40  to  50  mm. 
long:  seeds  mostly  broadly  obovoid,  short-beaked,  sharply  papillate  in 
rather  distinct  longitudinal  lines,  (finely  papillate  in  holosericeum, 
nearly  obconical  and  beakless  in  coloratum,  and  more  fusiform  in 
Ftndlerf). 

=  Large  flowered  for  the  group,  with  rather  deep  violet  petals  6  to  10 
mm.  long:  hairs  within  calyx-tube  well  developed:  leaves  mainly 
opposite,  25  to  50  mm.  long.  —  Two  species  closely  related  to  E. 
adenocaulon. 

13.  E.  FRANCISCANUM,  Barbey.  —  A  span  to  mostly  a 
foot  or  two  high,  the  larger  forms  much  branched,  glabrate 
below,  subcanescent  or  more  or  less  pilose  above;  leaves 
elliptical-lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  with  rather 
numerous  and  prominent  serrations,  rounded  to  the  very 
short  and  broad  petioles,  the  uppermost  frequently  pilose 
along  the  midrib,  etc. ;  flowers  at  first  crowded,  scarcely 
exceeding  the  somewhat  reduced  leaves  clustered  at  end  of 
branches ;  seeds  broad,  very  hyaline-papillate,  .4  to  .5  x  1 
mm.,  the  short  beak  also  more  or  less  papillate  ;  coma  some- 
times tawny.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  (1876), 
220;  Haussknecht,  Monogr.  262;  Burbey  &Cuisin,pl.  12. — 


REVISION   OF   EPILOBIDM.  91 

Esmeralda  county,  Nevada  (Shockley),  western  central  Cali- 
fornia, and  Oregon  (Hall,  and  N~.  W.  Bound.  JSurv.). — 
Plate  15. 

The  larger,  more  glabrous  and  compound  form,  figured 
by  Barbey  &  Cuisin,  approaches  the  usual  Pacific  variety 
of  adenocaulon,  the  flowers  of  which  are  sometimes  rather 
large  but  more  loosely  arranged.  Specimens  collected  by 
Macoun  on  Vancouver  Island  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains 
of  British  Columbia,  are  doubtfully  referred  here,  though 
they  may  belong  to  adenocaulon.  The  smaller,  more  closely 
crisp-hairy  form  approaches  the  next  species,  and  is  well 
represented  by  Hall,  no.  177  a,  from  Oregon.  A  curious 
simple  plant  with  large  glossy  thin  leaves,  scarcely  to  be 
referred  elsewhere,  occurs  from  Queen  Charlotte's  Islands, 
B.  C.  (Dawson,  July  10,  1878,  no.  1932  in  hb.  Macoun.) 

14.  E.  WATSONI,  Barbey. — Becoming  a  foot  and  a  half 
high,  with  less  marked  lines,  softly  crisp-downy  through- 
out;  leaves  elliptical,  rather  obtuse,  slightly  denticulate, 
rounded  to  short  winged  petioles  ;  flowers  not  very  numer- 
ous, suberect,  in  the  axils  of  the  gradually  reduced  more 
lanceolate  and  acute  upper  leaves ;  seeds  coarsely  papillate, 
.3  x  1.25  mm.,  barely  umbonate  at  top;   coma  dingy. — 
Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  (1876),  219 ;  Haussknecht, 
Monogr.  263;  Barbey  &  Cuisin,  pi.  6.  —  Various  parts  of 
California,  fide  Haussknecht.  —  Known  to   me  with  cer- 
tainty only  in  the  original  specimens  in  Hb.  Gray,  from 
the  Russian  settlement,  but  young  plants  from  Mariposa 
county  (  Congdon,  1890)  can  hardly  be  referred  elsewhere. 
What  commonly  passes  for  this  is  the  preceding  species.  — 
Plate  16. 

=  =  Petals  3  to  5  mm.  long,  pale  to  mostly  rather  deep  rose-colored: 
leaves  for  the  most  part  alternate:  otherwise  like  the  preceding  gioup. 

a.  Narrow-leaved  for  the  group. 

15.  E.  HOLOSERICEUM,  n.  sp. — Rather  woody,  loosely 
branched,  at  least  the  upper  leaves  and  branches  canescent 
with  subappressed  hairs ;  leaves  50  mm.  long,  rather  re- 


92  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL   GARDEN. 

mote  and  smaller  on  the  flowering  branches,  oblong-lanceo- 
late, obtuse  or  exceptionally  acute,  undulately  low-serru- 
late, narrowed  or  abruptly  contracted  and  then  cuneately 
narrowed  into  short  petioles;  flowers  produced  in  long  suc- 
cession along  the  elongated  branches,  erect,  pale,  barely 
5  mm.  long;  fruiting  peduncles  about  10  mm.  long  and 
equalling  the  leaves;  seeds  short-beaked,  very  finely  papil- 
late, .4x1  mm.  ;  coma  white  or  somewhat  dingy.  —  Cali- 
fornia: San  Bernardino  county  (Parish,  1881,  no.  1022)  and 
Kern  county  (Heermann,  Aug.  1853,  in  Hb.  U.  S.  Dep. 
Agr. ).  Possibly  also  Mariposa  county  (  Congdon,  1882  ). — 
Plate  17. 

Innovations  have  not  been  seen  by  me,  and  Mr.  Parish 
considers  the  plant  to  be  probably  annual.  In  pubescence 
it  most  nearly  approaches  E.  Watsoni,  while  the  rosy 
flower-buds  are  somewhat  as  in  E.  Californicum. 

E.  ADNATUM,  Griseb.  (E.  tetragonum  of  most  old  world  writers,  but 
not  of  Linnaeus  nor  of  American  botanists),  a  large  European  species 
collected  on  ballast  near  Philadelphia  (Martindale,  June  1878,  in  Hb. 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.),  is  related  to  the  last  in  being  pubescent  above  with 
short  closely  appressed  straight  white  hairs,  and  in  having  its  rather 
acute  sharply  serrulate  leaves  typically  oblong  with  nearly  parallel  mar- 
gins; but  it  differs  from  all  of  our  rosuliferous  species  in  that  some  of 
the  leaves  are  broadly  sessile  with  the  margins  decurrent  on  the  stem  into 
prominent  subglabrous  lines.  Its  seeds  are  very  rough. 

16.  E.   FENDLERI,  Hausskn.  —  Slender,  virgate,   little 
branched,  the  inflorescence  and  flowers  cinereous  with  in- 
curved hairs ;  leaves  25  to  75  mm.  long,  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, acute,  rather    sharply  low-serrulate,   gradually  nar- 
rowed to  very  short  winged  petioles ;  seeds  with  very  short 
scarcely  pellucid  beak,  .3x1  mm. ;  coma  white. —  Monogr. 
261.  —  New  Mexico  (Fendler,  no.  217  in  part,/de  Hauss- 
knecht;    Wright,  1851,  no.  1065  in  part,  and  1849,  no. 
953,  — in  Hb.  Gray.,  not  distributed).  — Plate  18. 

b.  Broader-leaved,  the  foliage  often  purple  in  autumn. 

17.  E.  COLORATUM,  Muhl.  —  Glabrate  below,  the  rather 
numerous  panicled  branches  canescent  with  incurved  hairs 
at  least  along  the  decurrent  lines,  and  more  or  less  glandu- 


REVISION   OF   EPILOBIUM,  93 

Jar  towards  the  end;  leaves  50  to  150  mm.  long,  lanceolate 
to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  deeply  and  irregularly  serru- 
late, mostly  gradually  narrowed  to  conspicuous  slender 
petioles,  glabrous  except  the  uppermost,  dull,  thin,  rugose- 
veiny  ;  flowers  very  numerous,  more  or  less  nodding ;  pet- 
als 3  to  5  mm.  long,  rosy ;  fruiting  peduncles  slender, 
mostly  short;  seeds  obconical-fusiform,  beakless,  strongly 
papillate,  .3  x  1.5  mm. ;  coma  at  length  cinnamon-colored, 
at  least  at  base.  — Willd.  Enum.  i.  (1809),  411;  Hauss- 
knecht,  Monogr.  258;  Barbey  &  Cuisin,  pi.  9.— Wet 
ground  and  meadows,  Canada  to  South  Carolina,  west  to 
Wisconsin,  Nebraska,  and  Missouri.  —  Specimens  examined 
from  Ontario,  Maine,  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  New 
York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  South  Carolina 
(Ravenel),  West  Virginia,  Ohio,  Illinois,  Missouri,  Kan- 
sas, Nebraska,  Iowa,  and  Wisconsin.  —  Plate  19. 

This  species,  the  general  type  of  which  is  reproduced  in 
a  number  of  others  which  here  follow  it  essentially  in  the 
order  of  their  leaf  and  habit  resemblance,  differs  from  all 
of  its  congeners  in  the  degree  of  serration  of  its  leaves  and 
especially  in  its  elongated  seeds  destitute  of  the  usual 
apical  beak,  and  from  all  with  which  it  is  likely  to  be  con- 
founded, in  the  nearly  cinnamon-colored  ripe  coma  (which, 
however,  is  white  in  immature  capsules  that  have  dehisced 
while  drying).  It  is  apparently  everywhere  associated 
with  E.  adenocaulon,  which  begins  to  flower  and  fruit 
about  a  fortnight  earlier,  and  differs  in  its  very  short- 
stalked  leaves,  rounded  at  base  and  less  sharply  toothed, 
and  in  its  shorter  seeds  abruptly  contracted  and  hyaline- 
beaked  above,  and  with  pure  white  coma.  West  American 
specimens  which  have  been  called  E.  coloratum  belong,  for 
the  most  part,  to  forms  of  adenocaulon. 

18.  E.  NOVO-MEXICANUM,  Hausskn.  —  With  upcurving 
branches  throughout,  glandular-pubescent  or  subciaereous 
above;  leaves  50  mm.  long,  elliptical-lanceolate,  rather 
obtuse  and  prominently  serrulate,  mostly  gradually  nar- 
rowed to  small  winged  petioles:  otherwise  about  like  E. 


94  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

adenocaulon,  from  which  this  species  appears  barely  separa- 
ble by  the  more  elliptical  form  and  sharper  serration  of  its 
leaves,  and  its  more  cinereous  pubescence.  —  Monogr. 
260.  —  New  Mexico  (Fendler,  1847,  no.  217,  in  part;  and 
Bigelow,  on  Whipple's  Exped.  1853-4). —  Plate  20. 

E.  AMERICANTJM,  Hausskn.,  Oesterr.  Bot.  Zeitschr.  xxix.  (1879),  118, 
and  Monogr.  260,  founded  on  specimens  collected  in  the  Saskatchewan 
region  (Bourgeau,  Aug.  1857),  would  appear  to  differ  from  adenocaulon 
only  in  its  more  sparing  pubescence  and  smaller  acute  leaves,  and  I  cannot 
separate  it.  According  to  Haussknecht,  small  plants  of  Americanum  oc- 
cur in  the  herbarium  of  the  Museum  at  Paris,  which  are  labeled  "E.  tenel- 
lum,  Raf .  Mts.  Catskill,  Et.  Un.  leg.  Rafinesque,"  —  but  which  are  said 
not  to  agree  with  Rafinesque's  description  of  E.  tenellum  (E.  palustre). 
Such  specimens  seem  to  come  very  near  what  I  regard  as  a  very  dwarf 
«rect-leaved  form  of  adenocaulon,  collected  in  the  White  Mountains  of 
New  Hampshire  (Miss  Prince),  the  Catskills of  N.  Y.  (Peck,  1880),  on  the 
Pic  River  (Loring,  in  Hb.  Gray.),  on  Prince  Edward  Island  (Macoun), 
and  In  the  Rocky  Mountains  (Bourgeau,  1858,  in  hb.  Gray.,  etc.), — 
which  may  be  the  E.  ciliatum  of  Raflnesque  in  Jomrn.  Bot.  i.  (1808), 
229.  These  have  crisp-pubescent  peduncles,  etc.  As  yet,  however, 
there  Is  too  much  uncertainty  about  the  matter  to  warrant  the 
application  of  the  name  ciliatum  to  either  plant,  unless  for  this  dwarf 
form  (Plate  22)  either  as  a  variety  under  adenocaulon  or  as  a  valid 
species  immediately  preceding  it. 

19.  E.  ADENOCAULON,  Hausskn.  —  Habit  of  the  preced- 
ing, the  inflorescence,  capsules,  etc.  very  glandular  pubes- 
cent and  with  few  if  any.  incurved  hairs  ;  leaves  50  or  ex- 
ceptionally 70  mm.  long,  frequently  erect,  elliptical  to 
mostly  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  only  slightly  serrulate  or 
denticulate,  abruptly  rounded  to  short  winged  petioles, 
rather  pale  green  and  glossy,  glabrous  except  the  upper- 
most, which  are  gradually  reduced  and  seldom  as  rugose  as  in 
coloratum;  flowers  (mostly  nodding  at  first)  and  capsules 
as  in  coloratum;  seeds  obovoid,  .3  x  1.1  mm.,  abruptly 
short  beaked  ;  coma  white.  —  Oesterr.  Bot.  Zeitschr.  xxix. 
(1879),  119;  Monogr.  261.  — .#.  coloratum,  in  part,  of 
most  writers  on  the  flora  of  the  eastern  and  middle  States ; 
E.  tetragonum  of  most  writers  on  western  botany,  but  not 
of  Linnaeus. — New  Brunswick  to  Oregon,  south  to  Penn- 
sylvania, Utah  and  California:  the  Pacific  Coast  forms 


REVISION   OF   EPILOBIUM.  95' 

passing  into  the  next  variety. —  Specimens  examined  from 
New  Brunswick  and  various  parts  of  Canada  and  British 
America,  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  New  York, 
Pennsylvania,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Montana, 
Colorado,  Utah,  Oregon,  and  California.  — Plate  21. 

Var.  OCCIDENTALS.  —  Remotely  leafy,  especially  the 
mostly  strict  very  glandular  branches  ;  leaves  more  trian- 
gular-lanceolate, 50  mm.  long  on  the  main  stem,  erect, 
prominently  denticulate,  very  short-stalked,  those  of  the 
inflorescence  small  and  acute  at  both  ends. — Vancouver 
Island  and  British  Columbia  to  central  California,  and 
Nevada  ?  ( Shockley,  509,  in  Hb.  Gray. ).  —  So  far  as  can  be 
judged  from  fragments  of  the  inflorescence  kindly  sent  me 
by  Dr.  Urban,  the  plants  raised  in  the  Berlin  Garden  from 
Montana  seed  (Krausse,  1882),  and  referred  to  E.  Chilense 
by  Haussknecht  (Monogr.  p.  273),  may  belong  here;  for 
although  the  lower  leaves  are  described  as  different,  the 
upper  leaves  are  acute  at  base  and  evidently  stalked. — 
Plate  23. 

Plants  from  Utah,  Arizona,  etc.  (PaZmer,  1877,  Beaver 
City,  No.  156),  Siskiyou  county,  California  (Pringle,  1881, 
no.  110),  Boulder, Col.  (Henry,  1874),  etc.,  have  the  coma 
dingy,  and  the  foliage  and  even  the  lower  part  of  the  stem 
very  glandular-puberulent,  and  in  aspect  they  approach 
Novo-Mexicanum.  They  appear  to  be  comparable  with  the 
most  glandular  form  of  paniculatum,  already  referred  to. 

This  variety,  which  appears  to  be  best  developed  in  the 
upper  Pacific  region,  sometimes  comes  too  near  E.  Francis- 
canum,  but  differs  in  its  usually  smaller  flowers  less  corym- 
bosely  clustered  and  more  acute  at  base,  and  in  its  shorter 
glandular  pubescence.  It  passes  into  the  type  by  numer- 
ous specimens  from  California  and  the  adjacent  and 
northern  region,  some  of  which,  however,  are  more  cinereous 
than  the  eastern  form  of  the  species.* 


*  E.  EXALTATUM,  Drew,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  xvi.  (1889),  151,  which 
Professor  Greene  informs  me  is  the  common  tall  plant  of  the  northwest 
coast,  would  appear  to  be  this  variety,  were  it  not  for  the  fact  that 


96  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

Var.  ?  PERPLEXANS.  —  Slenderer,  sub-simple  or  with  few 
ascending  remotely  leafy  branches,  less  glandular,  the  in- 
florescence sometimes  canescent  with  incurved  hairs  ;  leaves 
scarcely  50  mm.  long,  divergent,  lanceolate,  rather  obtuse 
and  sparingly  undulate-serrulate,  thin  and  light  green,  the 
upper  acutely  tapering  to  slender  sometimes  elongated 
petioles. — Yellowstone  Park  to  Oregon,  Colorado,  New 
Mexico,  and  California,  apparently  more  abundant  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  range.  —  Specimens  examined  from  the 
Yellowstone,  Oregon  (Hall,  176  in  part),  Colorado  (  Wolf, 
1873,  154),  New  Mexico  (  Wright,  1065,  in  part;  Bigelow, 
356),  Arizona  (Palmer,  1869),  Nevada  (Truckee  Valley, 
Watson,  1867,  395  in  part),  and  California  (Bothrock, 
1875,  217;  G.  R.  Vasey,  1880).  — Plate  25. 

In  aspect  somewhat  resembling  E.  Calif ornicum,  to 
which,  perhaps,  it  is  to  be  joined ;  but  with  the  incurved 
pubescence  of  E.  Fendleri  and  other  relatives  of  adenocau- 
lon  on  the  flower-buds,  etc.  (which  in  some  specimens  are 
very  cinereous ),  and  more  closely  connected  by  intermediate 
forms  with  adenocaulon  than  with  any  other  species. 

20.  E.  CALIFORNICUM,  Hausskn.  —  Tall,  rather  slender, 
somewhat  branched,  glabrous  below,  the  inflorescence  and 
buds  white  with  long  and  rather  coarse  ascending  hairs  ; 
leaves  often  75  to  100  mm.  long,  lanceolate,  subacute, 
rather  remotely  serrulate,  rounded  or  acutely  tapering  to 
short  petioles,  soon  glabrous;  flowers  comparatively  few; 
fruiting  peduncles  slender,  sometimes  nearly  equalling  the 
leaves ;  capsules  at  length  nearly  glabrous ;  seeds  almost 
beakless,  .4  x  .9  mm. ;  coma  white. — Monogr.  260.  — Cali- 
fornia :  (Near  the  Russian  settlement,  Wrangell,  1833,  fide 


authentic  Californian  specimens,  for  the  privilege  of  examining  which  I 
am  indebted  to  Professor  Greene  and  Dr.  Britton,  possess  larger  flowers 
with  broad  prominently  4-lobed  stigmas.  The  specimen  from  Mr.  Drew 
in  the  Columbia  College  Herbarium  has  innovations  in  form  of  open 
turions  with  decidedly  fleshy  scales,  in  this  respect  approaching 
E.  boreale.  It  is  quite  unlike  any  of  the  species  characterized  by  a  4-lobed 
stigma,  and  may,  perhaps,  prove  to  be  a  hybrid.  —  Plate  24. 


REVISION  OF  EPILOBIUM.  97 

Haussknecht;  San  Diego  county,  Palmer,  1875,  94  in  part 
and  142;  Santa  Cruz  Island,  Greene,  1886).  — Apparently 
this  species,  but  with  more  appressed  pubescence,  in  the 
Santa  Kita  Mountains  of  Arizona  (Pringle,  July  8, 
1881.).  — Plate  26. 

Somewhat  intermediate  between  what  I  have  placed  un- 
der adenocaulon  as  var.  (  ?)perplexans,  and  the  next  species. 

21.  E.  PARISHII,  Trelease. — Tall,  at  length  stout  and 
rather  intricately  branched  even  from  the  base,  glabrous  be- 
low, the  inflorescence  and  capsules  very  sparingly,  the  young 
buds  densely  white  tomentose;  leaves  25  to  75  mm.  long, 
lanceolate,  very  obtuse  or  the  reduced  uppermost  leaves 
acutish,    somewhat    unequally    serrulate    or    denticulate, 
gradually  or   abruptly  narrowed   to   slender  more  or  less 
elongated  winged  petioles,  rather  thin  and  glabrous  ;  flowers 
at  length  numerous,    suberect,  rosy;   fruiting   peduncles 
about  15  mm.  long;  seeds  short   beaked,    .4x1  to   1.25 
mm. ;  coma  white. —  Zoe,  i.(1890),  210.  —  San  Bernardino 
county,  California   (Parish,   Nov.    1889,    nos.    2094   and 
2095,  the  former  apparently  summer   seedlings  or  offsets 
from  the  latter);    and   near  Todos  Santos,    Lower   Cali- 
fornia ( Brandegee,  Jan.  22, 1890),  — unless  this,  with  more 
closely   crisp   flower  buds,  should  prove  to  be  E.  Mexi- 
canum.  —  Plate  27. 

£:£  Habit  and  general  characters  of  the  preceding  group,  but  innova- 
tions in  the  form  of  very  short  rhizomes  ending  in  open  fleshy-leaved 
turions  below  ground  or  developing  into  rosettes  or  tufts  of  thin  leaves 
when  they  emerge :  leaves  not  revolute. 

22.  E.  BOREALE,  Hausskn. —  Becoming  large  and  consid- 
erably branched,  glabrate  below,  very  crisp-pubescent  above 
even  as  to  the  young  leaves  and  flower  buds  ;  leaves  50  to  75 
mm.  long,    ovate    to    lanceolate,    gradually   very  acute, 
coarsely  denticulate  to  almost   serrate,   the  upper  rather 
gradually  narrowed  to  evident  petioles,  thin  ;  flowers  finally 
abundant,    erect,  rosy,  5  mm.    long;  capsules  at    length 
glabrate,   their  crisp-pubescent  peduncles   scarcely  5  mm. 

7 


98  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

long ;  seeds  and  coma  about  as  in  the  last. —  Monogr.  279. — 
Grown  at  the  Berlin  Garden  in  1883  from  seed  collected  in 
Alaska  by  Krausse;  Alaska,  Fisher,  1880,  in  hb.  Engelm., 
and  probably  Meehan,  1883,  in  hb.  Canby. 

I  am  indebted  to  Dr.  Urban  for  a  specimen  gathered  in 
the  Berlin  Garden  by  himself  in  1883,  and  for  another 
gathered  in  1884  by  Mr.  Hennings,  from  which  the  above 
description  is  drawn.  Haussknecht's  original  description 
would  make  the  species  more  closely  related  to  E.  Bon- 
gardi  than  to  Calif ornicum  or  adenocaulon,  —  which  I 
should  place  these  specimens  near.  Except  in  pubescence 
they  approach  an  Idaho  specimen  of  what  I  take  to  be 
adenocaulon  in  the  Hb.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  (Hayden's  Exp. 
1872),  which,  however,  is  densely  short  glandular  through- 
out. I  have  not  been  able  to  consult  a  later  note  by  Pro- 
fessor Haussknecht  on  this  species,  which  was  published  in 
1886  (Mittheil.  Geogr.  Ges.  f.  Thuringen,  iv.—fide 
Just's  Jahresbericht,  xiii.  2,  p.  284.) 

•*5±£~  Producing  globose  or  ovoid  sessile  or  subsessile  subterranean 
winter  bulblets  (turions)  with  fleshy  scales :  seeds  papillate  and  more  or 
less  beaked.  —  Mostly  simple  or  subsimple  plants  with  the  leaves  usually 
opposite  and  suberect,  not  revolute.  (Exceptions  as  to  innovations  oc- 
cur in  E.  Drummondii  and  E.  leptocarpum,  var.  Macounii,  and  the  latter 
species  is  much  branched  and  therefore  with  leaves  chiefly  alternate. 
The  seeds  of  E.  Halleanum  are  often  nearly  or  quite  smooth.) 

**  Leaves  mostly  broad  and  ample  or  of  medium  size  and  with  evident 
lateral  veins  (except  in  two  varieties),  sessile  or  subsessile  except  in 
forms  of  delicatum  and  saximontanum:  stems  with  more  or  less  prom- 
inent lines  decurrent  from  some  of  the  nodes  except  in  some  of  the 
smaller  forms.  —  Subsimple,  with  nearly  erect  leaves  except  in  the  first. 

=  Larger  plants,  a  foot  or  two  high,  except  in  a  variety  each  of  delica 
turn  and  ursinum  and  in  some  forms  intermediate  between  Drummondii 
and  saximontanum. 

23.  E.  DELICATUM,  n.  sp.  —  Slender  stemmed,  glabrous 
except  for  the  crisp-hairy  lines  above  and  slightly  crisp- 
hairy  or  glandular  inflorescence ;  leaves  as  much  as  75  mm. 
long,  mostly  very  divergent,  chiefly  ovate-lanceolate  and 
obtuse,  undulately  low-denticulate,  rounded  to  the  very 
short  narrow  base  or  cuneate  and  somewhat  petioled,  thin 


REVISION   OF   EPILOBIUM.  99 

and  pale;  flowers  few,  nodding;  petals  5  to  8  mm.  long, 
violet;  capsules  40  to  60  mm.,  their  slender  peduncles  about 
half  as  long;  seeds  finely  papillate,  .3x1  mm.;  coma 
dingy.  —  Union  county,  Oregon  (  Cusick,  1880,  No.  911,  as 
to  the  larger  plant,  and  1882,  no.  550).  Specimens  from 
the  upper  Flat  Head  River  (Canby,  1883,  No.  132),  with 
more  pubescent  stems,  acuter  leaves,  and  shorter  peduncles, 
apparently  also  belong  here. — Plate  28. 

In  delicacy  of  leaves,  this  species  approaches  alpinum  and 
especially  Calif ornicum,  from  which  it  differs  in  pubes- 
cence, innovations,  etc. 

Var.  TENUE.  — A  span  or  so  high,  with  narrow  more  erect 
leaves  and  few  pale  flowers. — With  the  type,  under  the 
number  911.  The  unusually  large  turions  appear  to  form 
fleshy  but  more  or  less  green  rosettes  when  exposed  to  the 
light,  in  this  respect  approaching  the  preceding  group. 
A  specimen  with  small  turions  from  Washington  (Brande- 
gee,  1882,  no.  284),  may  go  here.  I  cannot  separate  from 
this  variety,  specimens  from  Gray's  Peak,  Col.  (Patterson, 
Aug.  7,  1875),  but  these  are  out  of  the  usual  range  of  this 
species,  and  in  that  of  E.  saximontanum.  — Plate  28. 

24.  E.  GLANDULOSUM,  Lehm. — Tall  and  rather  thick 
(but  soft)  stemmed,  the  largest  specimens  branched,  com- 
monly somewhat  loosely  crisp-pubescent  above  or  with  very 
flexuous  glandular  hairs  ;  leaves  typically  crowded  near  the 
summit,  frequently  exceeding  the  inflorescence,  80  to  120 
mm.  long,  broadly  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  the  upper 
acute  or  sub-acuminate,  prominently  serrulate,  mostly 
abruptly  rounded  to  the  base,  drying  dark;  flowers  erect, 
near  the  end  of  the  stem  ;  petals  5  to  7  mm.  long,  more  or 
less  purple;  capsules  about  60  mm.,  short-stalked,  occa- 
sionally quite  pubescent;  seeds  coarsely  hyaline-papillate 
or  with  the  papillas  often  entirely  collapsed,  very  blunt 
above,  .5  x  usually  1.5  to  1.8  mm. ;  coma  dingy.  —  Pugil- 
lus,ii.(1830),14;  Haussknecht,  Monogr.  273. — Alaska  and 
across  the  islands  of  the  northwest  to  Asia.  Forms  too 
near  this  also  in  British  Columbia.  —  Plate  29. 


100  MISSOURI  BOTANICAL   GARDEN. 

Young  specimens  doubtfully  referred  here  occur  iu  the 
Gray  herbarium  from  Labrador  (Alien,  1882,  no.  11,  as 
E.  coloratum),  but  I  am  unable  to  find  specimens  authen- 
ticating the  general  distribution  ascribed  to  the  species  by 
Professor  Haussknecht,  on  whose  authority  it  was  admitted 
to  the  sixth  edition  of  Gray's  Manual. 

The  separated  decurrent  lines  of  some  Arctic  specimens 
are  more  or  less  wing-like,  then  bearing  prominences 
similar  to  the  marginal  teeth  of  the  leaves,  from  which  the 
specific  name  is  said  to  be  derived. 

25.  E.   BREVTSTYLUM,     Barbey.  —  Slenderer    and    less 
pubescent ;  leaves  scarcely  40  mm.  long,  ovate  or  ellipiticais 
more  loosely  and  uniformly  distributed  along  the  stem,  less 
toothed,  drying  pale,  the  uppermost  reduced  and  surpassed 
by   the  nearly  glabrous  capsules ;   seeds  slightly  smaller, 
tapering  above,  the  papillae  similar;    coma  less  dingy. — 
Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  (1876),  220;  Barbey  & 
Cuisin,  pi.  13. — Springs,  etc.,  Washington  to  California. — 
Apparently  too  close  to  the  last  by  specimens  from  British 
Columbia  and  Colorado  (  Vasey,  1868,  No.  184;  Engel- 
mann,  1881),  which  are  rather  in  the  region  of  Drum- 
mondii. — Plate  30. 

I  am  unable  to  find  the  original  specimen  in  the  Gray 
herbarium,  but  the  figure  of  Barbey  &  Cuisin  seems  to 
represent  the  form  here  described,  which  is  of  very  differ- 
ent appearance  from  the  large  Arctic  form  of  glandulosum 
to  which  Haussknecht  doubtfully  joras  it. 

E.  affine,  ft.  fastigiatum,  Nuttall  in  Torr.  &  Gr.  Fl.  i. 
489,  which  might  be  thought  to  refer  to  this  form,  proves 
(at  least  in  Hb.  Torrey.)  to  be  E.  glaberrimum,  var.  lati- 
folium,  with  leaves  rather  more  dentate  than  usual. 

26.  E.  URSINUM,  S.  B.  Parish,  in  herb.  —  A  span  to  a 
foot  high,  slender,  both  leaves  and  stem  below  pilose  with 
rather  remote  and  spreading  long  white  hairs,  the  inflor- 
escence minutely  glandular-pubescent ;  leaves  less  than  30 
mm.  long,  rather  uniformly  and  in  larger  plants  remotely 


REVISION   OP   EPILOBIUM.  101 

distributed,  ovate  or  broadly  lanceolate,  the  upper  subacute 
and  serrate,  the  lower  blunter  and  finely  denticulate  or 
nearly  entire,  very  abruptly  rounded  to  the  sessile  base ; 
flowers  few,  erect  or  somewhat  nodding ;  petals  white  or 
lavender,  about  5  mm.  long;  capsules  ascending,  30mm. 
long,  on  very  slender  peduncles  of  more  than  half  their 
length,  soon  glabrous ;  seeds  often  very  rough,  short-beaked, 
.5  x  1.5  mm. ;  coma  rather  scant,  white. — San  Bernardino 
county,  California  (Parish,  1882,  no.  1619)  to  Washington 
(Suksdorf,  1880,  372).  A  specimen  from  the  Snake 
River  (Hayden,  June  15,  1860)  also  appears  to  go  here. — 
Plate  31. 

Var.  SUBFALCATUM.  —  Lower  but  often  branched  below, 
almost  without  decurrent  lines,  densely  tomentose  or  pilose 
to  the  glandular  shorter  inflorescence ;  leaves  narrower, 
sometimes  falcate,  entire  or  remotely  and  inconspicuously 
denticulate,  mostly  obtuse,  more  cuneate  at  base,  more 
tomentose,  and  with  inconspicuous  lateral  veins;  capsules 
at  first  very  short  stalked.  —  California  (  Gray,  1872 ;  Mrs. 
Austin,  1877;  Pringle,  1882)  to  Oregon  (Howell,  1887, 
no.  694).  —  This  bears  the  same  relation  to  ursinum  that 
the  var.  tenue  does  to  delicalum.  — Plate  32. 

27.  E.  HALLEANUM,  Haussku.  —  Tall  and  slender,  glan- 
dular-puberulent  throughout  or  soon  glabrous  below ;  leaves 
remote,  mostly  ascending,  20  to  30  mm.  long,  ovate-  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  the  lower  obtuse,  decidedly  undulate- 
serrulate,  abruptly  sessile  or  some  of  them  clasping- 
decurrent  by  the  broad  base ;  flowers  and  capsules  ultimately 
rather  remote  in  the  upper  axils;  petals  5  to  6  mm.  long, 
pale  to  mostly  rather  deep  violet ;  capsules  about  50  mm. ,  on 
slender  peduncles  of  nearly  equal  length  and  exceeding  the 
subtending  leaves;  seeds  sometimes  smooth,  usually  very 
finely  papillate,  .4  to  .5  x  1.5  to  1.7  mm.,  fusiform,  blunt 
at  base,  with  gradually  narrowed  pale  apex  and  hyaline 
beak  ;  coma  scarcely  dingy.  — Monogr.  261.  — Vancouver 
Island  (Macoun,  1887,  nos.  9  and  96),  Washington  (Suks- 


102  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL   GARDEN. 

dorf,  1881,  no.  15),  and  Oregon  (Hall,  1871,  nos.  176  and 
178  in  part). — What  may  be  a  verticillate-leaved  form  of 
this,  collected  in  Oregon  by  Nuttall,  occurs  as  E.  glandulosum 
in  the  Gray  and  Torrey  herbaria.  —  Plate  33. 

Well  marked  by  its  decurrent  leaves  and  the  peculiar 
apex  of  its  large  seeds.  Suksdorf's  specimens  bear  well- 
developed  turions,  removing  the  species  from  the  rosulif- 
erous  group  in  which  Professor  Haussknecht  placed  it  in 
the  absence  of  innovations. 

28.  E.  DRUMMONDII,  Hausskn.  — A  span  to  mostly  a  foot 
high,  glandular  above,  the  decurrent  lines    subglabrate ; 
leaves  25  to  40  mm.  long,   typically  remote   and  erect, 
lanceolate  to  almost  linear-lanceolate,   rather    acute,  the 
upper,  especially,  denticulate,  mostly  rounded  to  the  sub- 
sessile  base  ;  flowers  erect;  petals  3  to  4  mm.  long,  usually 
pale;  capsules  30  to  50  mm.  long,  slender-stalked;   seeds 
.3  to  .45  x  1.2  to  1.4  mm.  —  Monogr.  271.  —  Mountains, 
from  Montana  to  Colorado  and  Nevada.  — Young  specimens 
with  leaves  in  whorls  of  3,  from  British  Columbia  (Macoun, 
1875, no.  1935  in  hb.Macoun.), may  belong  here. — Plate  34. 

This,  the  more  typical  form  of  E.  Drummondii,  is  very 
closely  related  to  E.  brevistylum,  but  differs  in  its  narrower 
more  toothed  leaves  not  so  pale  when  dry,  its  more  finely 
and  sharply  papillate  seeds,  and  in  the  fact  that  its  turions 
often  lengthen  at  base  into  short  sobols.  With  more 
glandular  pubescence  above  and  still  more  deeply  toothed 
leaves,  it  approaches  E.  Hdlleanum,  from  which  it  differs  in 
its  smaller  seeds  and  leaves  never  decurrent-clasping. 
Smaller  plants,  with  broader  more  divergent  leaves,  greatly 
obscure  the  limits  between  this  and  the  next  species. 

=  =  Smaller  plants  scarcely  over  a  span  high.  (Varieties  of  delicatum 
and  ursinum  might  be  sought  here.) 

29.  E.  SAXIMONTANUM,  Hausskn. —  Somewhat  crisp-hairy 
at  least  along  the  elevated  lines,  and  glandular  above; 
leaves  about  20  mm.  long,  mostly  crowded  and  ascending 


REVISION    OF   EPILOBIUM.  103 

or  suberect,  oblong  to  elliptical,  the  upper  rather  acute, 
very  minutely  denticulate  or  subentire,  cuneately  narrowed 
to  the  sessile  base,  —  or  the  lowest  30  mm.  long,  more 
lanceolate,  and  with  somewhat  elongated  winged  base; 
flowers  few,  pale  to  deep  violet;  capsules  short  stalked ; 
seeds  slightly  larger  and  often  less  papillate:  otherwise 
like  the  preceding,  except  for  the  sessile  turions.  —  Oesterr. 
Bot.  Zeitschr.  xxix.  (1879),  119;  Monogr.  270.— Mount- 
ains, Colorado  to  Nevada.  —  Plate  35. 

The  broader-leaved  form  figured  (Arizona,  Rnowlton, 
1889,  no.  151,  etc.)  is  barely  distinguishable  from  broader- 
leaved  forms  referred  to  the  preceding  species;  but  the 
specimens  are  commonly  without  innovations,  and  hence  may 
belong  elsewhere,  though  at  present  I  am  unable  to  place 
them  otherwise. 

**  **  Leaves  rather  small,  with  less  conspicuous  lateral  veins,  evidently 
petioled:  stems  terete  but  sometimes  pubescent  in  lines.  —  Much- 
branched  small  plants,  with  the  rather  spreading  leaves  therefore  mainly 
alternate. 

30.  E.  LEPTOCABPUM,  Hausskn. — A  span  or  less  high, 
glabrous  except  for  some  incurved  pubescence  on  the  stem ; 
leaves  less  than  20  mm.  long,  broadly  lanceolate,  sparingly 
low-toothed,  tapering  from  near  the  middle  to  the  obtuse 
or  subacute  apex  and  winged  petiole ;  flowers  abundant  for 
the  size  of  the  plant ;  calyx-tube  narrow ;  petals  about  3 
mm.  long,  rosy ;  capsules  20  mm. ,  on  very  slender  peduncles 
of  nearly  equal  length;  seeds  nearly  ellipsoidal,  shortly 
hyaline-beaked,  .25x  .75  mm. ;  coma  at  length  cinnamon- 
colored. —  Monogr.  258,  pi.  14,  f.  67.  —  Oregon  (Hatt,  no. 
188).  —  Suggestive  of  some  small  rosuliferous  species  of 
the  coloratum  group,  and  so  placed  by  Haussknecht,  in  the 
absence  of  innovations  on  the  only  specimens  known. — 
Plate  36. 

Var.?  MACOUNII.  —  Less  branched,  crisp-pubescent  in 
lines,  the  same  pubescence  more  or  less  abundant  also  on 
the  flowers  and  capsules ;  leaves  more  ovate ;  seeds  1  mm. 


104  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL   GARDEN. 

long;  coma  paler.  —  Lake  Athabasca  (Macoun,  1875,  no. 
692),  to  Washington  (Suksdorf,  1885,  no.  551).— Plate  57. 

Innovations  occur  in  the  form  of  small  slightly  elongated 
turions  which  may  lengthen  into  closely  scaly  rhizomes  and 
develop  into  leafy  shoots  in  the  first  season. 

Simple,  taller,  thicker-leaved  plants  of  the  general  habit 
of  this  variety  were  collected  at  Glacier  Bay,  Alaska,  by 
G.  F.  Wright  in  1886  (Hb.  Gray.),  but  I  hesitate  to  place 
them  definitely.  They  also  suggest  in  some  respects 
forms  of  E.  Hornemanni.  Some  specimens  resembling 
this  variety  also  occur  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  among  Watson's  plants  f  torn  Utah  and 
Nevada. 

£  £  £  Producing  subterranean  scaly  branches  (sobols),  which  ulti- 
mately tuni  upward  and  usually  develop  at  once  into  leafy  shoots. 

++  Glabrous  (or  occasionally  very  slightly  glandular  above),  and  glau- 
cous: stems  terete,  slender,  rather  tall  except  in  the  variety,  usually 
somewhat  cespitose :  leaves  mostly  simple  and  opposite,  subsessile,  with 
faint  lateral  veins:  flowers  erect  or  suberect:  seeds  obovoid,  scarcely 
beaked,  coarsely  papillate. 

31.  E.  GLABERRIMUM,  Barbey. —  About  a  foot  high, 
simple  or  nearly  so ;  leaves  erect  or  ascending,  often  re- 
mote, as  much  as  50  mm.  long,  all  but  the  lowest  lanceo- 
late, rather  obtuse,  entire  to  slightly  repand,  mostly 
cuneately  narrowed  to  the  sometimes  subpetioled  base; 
petals  purple  to  nearly  white,  4  to  8  mm.  long ;  capsules  75 
mm.,  linear-falcate,  usually  conspicuously  stalked;  seeds 
.3  to  .5x1  mm.,  very  rough  with  blunt  papillae,  abruptly 
rounded  to  the  short  insertion  of  the  barely  dingy  coma.  — 
Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  Calif .  i.  (1876),  220;  Barbey  & 
Cuisin,  pi.  5. — E.pruinosum,  Hausskn.  Monogr.  252,  pi. 
15,  f.  70.  —  Washington  (Suksdorf,  1878  and  1885)  and 
Oregon  (Howell,  1887,  no.  696),  to  various  parts  of  Cali- 
fornia; a  broader-leaved  form  also  in  California,  and 
Nevada  (Anderson,  1864,  no.  7).  — Plate  38. 

Var.  LATIFOLIUM,  Barbey.  —  Rather  firmer  stemmed 
and  more  branched,  sometimes  dwarf;  leaves  more  diver- 


REVISION   OF   EPILOBIUM.  105 

gent,  scarcely  25  mm.  long,  broadly  ovate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  mostly  subcordately  contracted  to  the  very 
short  base.  —  Bot.  Calif,  i.  (1876),  220.— E.  glaberrimum, 
Hausskn.  Monogr.  252.  —  E.  affine,  ft.  fastigiatum,~Nntt.  in 
Torr.  &  Gr.  Fl.  i.  (1840),  489,  as  to  the  specimen  in  the 
Torrey  herbarium. — Oregon  to  California  and  the  Wahsatch 
Mountains  of  Utah,  — apparently  most  developed  about  the 
outer  range  of  the  species.  — •  Small  specimens  approach  E. 
Hornemanni  in  habit.  —  A  restoration  of  Nuttall's  name 
would  cause  the  variety  to  be  known  as  E.  glaberrimum, 
var.  fastigiatum  (Nutt.).  —  Plate  39. 

++  ++  Puberulent,  at  least  in  lines:  seeds  more  fusiform, usually  some- 
what beaked  above. 

=  Seeds  papillate. 

E.  OREGANDM,  Greene.  — A  couple  of  feet  high,  rather  stout,  simple 
or  with  ascending  branches,  glabrate  and  glaucous  below,  glandular- 
puberulent  above ;  leaves  ascending,  as  much  as  75  mm.  long,  lanceolate, 
obtuse,  closely  denticulate,  cuneately  subsessile  or  abruptly  rounded  to 
short  winged  petioles,  veiny;  flowers  rather  numerous,  erect  in  the  axils 
of  the  reduced  upper  leaves;  calyx-tube  3  mm.  long,  rather  narrowly 
funnel-form;  petals  violet,  8  to  12  mm.  long;  style  about  equalling  the 
corolla,  pubescent  near  the  apex  and  on  the  outside  of  the  four  widely 
divergent  stigmatic  lobes;  capsules  nearly  erect,  40  mm.  long,  usually 
subsessile;  seeds  oblong-fusiform,  obliquely  pointed  at  base,  very 
shortly  pellucid -beaked,  .25  x  .75  to  1  mm.;  coma  white.  —  Pittonia,  i. 
(1889),  225. —E.  glaucum,  Howell,  List  for  1887,  p.  3,  not  Phil.  &  Hausskn.— 
Grant's  Pass,  Oregon  (Howett,  July  1887,  distributed  as  nos.  699  and 
1139).  —  Specimens  distributed  as  no.  696  by  Howell  in  the  same  year 
appear  to  be  a  slenderer  form  of  the  same,  and  in  habit  and  innovations 
closely  approach  E.  glaberrimum.  Specimens  of  the  typical  numbers  in 
Hb.  Dept.  Agr.  have  short  sobols  somewhat  rosuliferous  at  end,  but 
most  of  those  that  I  have  seen  do  not  show  the  innovations.  —  Plate  40. 

I  cannot  resist  the  impression  that  E.  Oreganum  is  a  hybrid  of  glaber- 
rimum, the  vegetative  characters  suggesting  adenocaulon  as  a  possible 
other  parent. 

32.  E.  HORNEMANNI,  Reichenb.  — Mostly  a  span  or  two 
high,  ascending,  unbranched,  somewhat  crisp-hairy  in  the 
inflorescence  and  along  the  decurrent  lines,  or  slightly  glan- 
dular at  top,  otherwise  glabrate ;  leaves  about  25  mm.  long, 
subascending,  elliptical-ovate,  mostly  very  obtuse,  nearly 
netire  to  remotely  serrulate,  the  lower  cuneately  narrowed, 


S89194 


106  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL   GARDEN. 

the  upper  usually  abruptly  rounded  to  the  short  petioles ; 
flowers  rather  few,  nearly  erect;  petals  5  to  8  mm.  long, 
lilac  to  deep  violet;  capsules  as  much  as  50  mm., 
slender,  erect,  on  slender  peduncles  about  equalling  the 
gradually  reduced  subtending  leaves ;  seeds  rather  abruptly 
short-appendaged,  from  nearly  smooth  to  very  rough,  .3  to 
.4x1  mm. ;  coma  somewhat  dingy.  — Icon.  Grit.  ii.  (1824), 
73 ;  Haussknecht,  Monogr.  174.  —  Mountains,  British  Col- 
umbia to  California,  Colorado,  and  Utah  ;  also  in  Europe. — 
Specimens  examined  from  various  parts  of  British  Colum- 
bia (Macoun),  Washington  (Howett;  Brandegee  1882,  no. 
285),  Oregon  (Hall,  1871,  no.  0),  California  (Newberry; 
Brewer  1860-62,  no.  1417),  Idaho  (  Watson,  1880,  no. 
146),  the  Yellowstone  region  (Hay den;  Tweedy  1885,  no. 
519),  Colorado  (Parry,  1861,  no.  121;  Vasey,  1868,  no. 
187,  — 188  an  albino  of  the  same;  Engelmann;  Jones 
1878,  no.  377;  Nuttatt;  Hall  &  Harbour  1862,  no.  167), 
and  Utah  (Hooker  &  Gray,  1877;  Jones  1879,  no.  1099 
in  part  and  1103).  —Plate  41. 

The  following  variations  from  the  western  form  occur  :  — 

a. — Slender  and  low,  with  smaller  elliptical  spreading 
leaves,  few  suberect  smalt  flowers,  short  capsules,  and  small 
seeds. — Dells  of  the  Wisconsin  River  (Lapham)  to  the 
Saguenay  River  (Pringle,  1879). — Apparently  annual,  in 
aspect  very  near  the  dwarf  form  mentioned  under  adeno- 
caulon,  and  perhaps  not  rightly  referred  here.  — Plate  42 

b.  —  From  slender  and  low  to  quite  stout,  as  much  as  a 
foot  high,  and  few-branched,  with  ovate  very  divergent 
mostly  long-  and  slender-stalked  leaves,  usually  very  nod- 
ding large  flowers,  and  rather  large  very  broad  seeds. — 
White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire  to  Labrador  (Allen, 
1882,  no.  50)  and  westward,  passing  into  the  usual  western 
form.  —  Plate  42. 

In  this  species  the  sobols  sometimes  pass  insensibly 
into  leafy  shoots  arising  above  ground,  showing  the  im- 
possibility of  maintaining  a  sharp  distinction  between  the 
soboliferous  and  stoloniferous  groups. 


REVISION   OF   EPILOBIUM.  107 

Specimens  of  the  aspect  of  this  species,  but  as  much  as 
a  foot  and  a  half  high,  and  some  of  them  branched  above, 
with  the  flower  buds  8  to  10  mm.  and  the  violet  petals  12 
mm.  long,  and  with  deeply  4-lobed  stigma,  were  collected 
on  Mt.  Stewart,  Washington,  by  Mr.  Brandegee  (Aug. 
1883,  no.  778  in  Hb.  Gray.,  Hb.  Canby.,  etc.).  They  ap- 
pear to  be  hybrids  of  this  species,  but  I  do  not  venture  to 
suggest  the  other  parent. 

=  =  Seeds  smooth  or  merely  areolate. — A  single  species  of  the  habit 
of  Hornemanni,  but  passing  into  the  following  group  by  its  smooth 
seeds. 

33.  E.  BONGARDI,  Hausskn.  —  A  foot  or  less  high,  erect, 
simple,  with  crisp-hairy  lines,  the  apex  at  first  nodding; 
leaves  25  to  50  mm.  long,  rather  ascending,  crowded  above, 
very  broadly  lanceolate,  the  upper  acute,  sharply  but  re- 
motely denticulate,   usually  crisp-ciliate,   gradually  nar- 
rowed to  the  conspicuous  cuneately  winged  base,  veiny, 
drying  brown;   inflorescence  sparingly  glandular;  flowers 
rather  few,  somewhat  nodding;  petals  about  8  mm.  long, 
pale  or  rosy ;  capsules  rather  slender,  40  mm.  long,  on 
slender  peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  leaves;   seeds 
nearly  beakless,  .4x1.3  mm. ;  coma  very  dingy.  —  Oesterr. 
Bot.  Zeitschr.  xxix.  (1879),  89 ;  Monogr.  278. —Alaska 
and  the  adjacent  islands.  — Plate  43. 

•*q±^±-  Often  more  or  less  cespitose  by  leafy  stolons,  otherwise  sim- 
ple or  nearly  so :  sometimes  apparently  annual. 

•n-  Seeds  smooth  or  at  most  undulate-areolate  except  in  forms  referred 
to  Oregonense. 

=  Habit  of  E.  Hornemanni,  with  rather  ample  leaves. 

34.  E.  BEHRINGIANUM,  Hausskn. — A  span  to  nearly  a  foot 
high,  sometimes  with  ascending  branches  from  near  the  base, 
more  or  less  nodding  at  apex,  glabrous  except  for  the  shortly 
crisp-pubescent  lines;  leaves  about   40  mm.  long,  mostly 
broadly  ovate,  subentire  or  the  acutish  upper  ones  slightly 


108  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

denticulate  and  somewhat  cnsp-ciliate,  all  but  the  lowest 
abruptly  contracted  and  sessile,  subglaucous,  less  veiny, 
more  rigid,  and  drying  greener  than  in  the  last ;  flowers  erect, 
rosy;  seeds  short-beaked.  —  Monogr.  277.  —  Coast  and  in- 
sular region  from  Alaska  to  N.  E.  Asia,  according  to  Hauss- 
knecht,  from  whose  description  the  characters  are  taken,  as  I 
have  seen  no  specimens  which  lean  clearly  separate  from  the 
preceding  species. 

35.  E.  ALPINUM,  L. —  Size  and  habit  of  E.  Hornemanni, 
but  the  inflorescence  and  decurrent  lines  more  nearly 
glabrous;  leaves  uniformly  distributed,  thin  and  delicate, 
pale  green,  40  mm.  long,  subelliptical,  rather  obtuse,  sub- 
entire  to  somewhat  sharply  serrulate,  gradually  narrowed 
to  slender  petioles ;  flowers  few,  suberect  in  the  upper  axils ; 
petals  about  3  mm.  long,  white  or  rosy-tipped ;  capsules  very 
slender,  erect  or  ascending,  about  50  mm.  long,  their 
peduncles  rather  slender  and  about  equalling  the  subtending 
leaves  or  stouter  and  as  long  as  the  capsules;  seeds  smooth, 
gradually  attenuated  at  apex,  with  very  evident  beak.  —  Sp. 
i.  (1753),  348,  in  part.  —  E.  lactiflorum,  Haussknecht, 
Oesterr.  Bot.  Zeitschr.  xxix.  (1879),  89;  Monogr.  158.  — 
Canada  to  Vancouver  Island,  extending  southward  in  the 
mountains  to  New  Hampshire,  Utah,  and  Calif ornia(  ?)  ;  also 
in  Europe.  —  Specimens  examined  from  various  parts  of 
British  America  (Macoun),  the  White  Mountains,  Colorado 
(Coulter,  1873),  Utah  (  Watson,  1869,  no.  394  in  part; 
Porter,  1873;  Jones,  1879,  no.  1099  in  part),  Washington 
(Suksdorf,  1881,  no.  10),  Oregon  (Howell,  1880,  no.  325; 
Henderson,  1890,  no.  344),  and  California?  (Mrs.  Austin; 
Palmer  1888,  nos.  218  and  219).  —  Occurring  with  E. 
Hornemanni,  which  it  closely  resembles  except  for  its  more 
delicate,  pale  leaves,  smaller  white  flowers,  and  smooth 
seeds  attenuated  to  the  beak.  —  Plate  44.* 

*The  original  aZptnwm  of  Linnaeus  included  with  this  E.  Hornemanni 
and  E.  anagallidifolium.  The  first-named  was  separated  by  Reichenbach 
in  1824;  the  second,  by  Lamarck  in  1786.  Although  the  name  alpinum 
has  been  applied  indiscriminately  to  all  three  by  many  writers,  I  do  not 


EEVISIOX   OF   EPILOBIUM.  109 

=  =  Habit  of  E.  anagallidifolium,  -with  narrow  subentire  leaves 
(these  more  toothed  in  pseudo-scaposum). 

36.  E.  OREGONENSE,  Hausskn.  —  A  span  high,  with 
few  sterile  shoots  at  base,  erect  even  as  to  the  apex,  glabrous 
except  for  very  sparing  glandular  hairs  in  the  inflorescence  ; 
leaves  15  to  20  mm.  long,  crowded  below,  remote  and  very 
small  above,  suberect,  narrowly  oblong-ovate  or  the 
uppermost  linear,  very  obtuse,  remotely  low-denticulate, 
somewhat  cuneately  narrowed  at  base  but  sessile,  rather 
delicate  and  with  slightly  evident  lateral  veins  ;  flowers  few, 
strictly  erect;  petals  deep  violet,  about  8  mm.  long; 
capsules  about  50  mm.,  slender,  strict,  much  surpassing  the 
summit  of  the  stem,  their  very  slender  peduncles  of  nearly 
equal  length  and  far  exceeding  the  subtending  leaves; 
seeds  (immature)  smooth,  blunt,  apparently  beakless. — 
Monogr.  276,  pi.  14,  f.  66.  — Bogs,  Oregon  (Hall,  1871, 
no.  179)  to  British  Columbia  (Swamp  River,  Macoun, 
1875,  no.  1921  in  part).  — Plate  25. 

Young  Californian  plants  referred  here  with  considerable 
doubt,  have  small  but  more  ovate  leaves  drying  brownish 
(Bolander,  nos.  1786  and  4965;  Lemmon,  1875  —  the 
leaves  in  whorls  of  3  in  one  specimen).  Here  also,  per- 
haps, would  be  referred  plants  collected  in  Tulare  county, 
California  (Palmer,  1888,  218  in  part,  and  220).  In  the 
latter,  especially,  the  internodes  lengthen  and  the  leaves 
are  very  narrow  above,  as  in  the  type,  but  the  lower  leaves 
are  short  and  ovate.  Except  for  their  larger  size  and  more 
erect  habit,  however,  these  round-leaved  plants  are  not 
unlike  some  of  the  more  erect  European  forms  of  anagallidi- 
folium, —  e.  g.  a  specimen  from  the  Clova  Mts.,  Scotland, 
collected  by  Greville  in  1839. 

Var.  ?  GRACILLIMUM.  —  A  span  to  nearly  a  foot  high, 
often  quite  cespitose,  very  slender,  quickly  erect  and  hardly 

think  it  best  to  follow  Professor  Haussknecht  in  adopting  a  new  name 
for  what  is  left  of,  the  original  alpinum,  but  prefer  still  to  employ  for  it 
the  name  given  it  by  Linnaeus.  Nor  should  I  follow  H.  and  J.  Groves  in 
allowing  the  latest  name,  lactiflorum,  to  stand,  while  displacing  anagaUi- 
difolium. 


110  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL   GARDEN. 

bent  at  top,  glabrous  except  the  very  minutely  and 
sparingly  glandular  inflorescence ;  leaves  mostly  uniformly 
distributed,  gradually  reduced  above,  suberect,  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  narrower,  entire,  keeled  on  the  mid- 
rib, without  evident  lateral  veins,  the  lowest  or  those  on 
sterile  shoots  often  cuneately  subpetioled;  flowers  few, 
nearly  erect ;  petals  white  or  pale,  6  mm.  long ;  seeds  .3x1 
mm.,  broadly  and  bluntly  but  evidently  papillate,  the  beak 
scarcely  hyaline. — Bogs,  Strawberry  Valley,  California 
(Pringle,  1881,  no.  80)  to  Washington  (Suksdorf,  1878, 
1885,  and  1886  no.  860,  —  the  former  with  broader,  more 
veiny,  and  more  crowded  leaves,  and  occasional  crisp 
pubescence  on  the  stem).  —  Plate  46. 

37.  E.  ANAGALLIDIFOLIUM,  Lam.  —  About  a  span  high, 
at  length  rather  densely  cespitose,  otherwise  unbranched, 
the  very  slender  stems  commonly  sigmoidally  bent,  and 
strongly  nodding  at  apex,  somewhat  crisp-hairy  at  least 
in  lines  and  occasionally  very  slightly  glandular  in  the  in- 
florescence; leaves  10  to  20  mm.  long,  ascending,  rather 
uniformly  distributed,  all  but  the  lowermost  very  narrowly 
ovate  or  oblong,  rather  obtuse,  entire  or  remotely  very  low 
denticulate,  cuneately  narrowed,  the  lowest  mostly  wing- 
petioled,  rather  firm  and  inconspicuously  veined,  drying 
brown ;  flowers  few,  crowded  at  apex,  somewhat  nodding ; 
petals  lilac  to  violet,  about  5  mm.  long;  capsules  25  mm., 
slender,  surpassing  the  end  of  the  stem,  their  rather  slender 
peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves  or,  when  only  one  or  two 
are  present,  equalling  the  capsules ;  seeds  somewhat  obo- 
void-fusiform,  short-beaked,  .3x1  mm.;  coma  somewhat 
dingy. —  Diet.  ii.  (1786),  376;  Haussknecht,  Monogr. 
152.  — From  Labrador  across  Arctic  America,  south  to 
the  mountains  of  California  (Gh'eene,  etc.),  Colorado,  and 
Nevada  (  Watson,  1868,  no.  394  in  part).  Also  in  the  Old 
World.— Plate  47. 

Perhaps  the  lowest  but  slightly  rough-seeded  plants  re- 
ferred to  the  last  belong  here. 


REVISION   OF  EPILOBIUM.  Ill 

E.  PSEUDO-SCAPOSUM,  Hausskn.  —  About  a  span  high 
from  a  filiform  rooting  rhizome,  slender,  erect  from  an 
ascending  base,  pubescent  along  the  prominent  decurrent 
lines;  leaves  about  12  mm.  long,  crowded,  round-ovate, 
obtuse,  subentire  to  sparingly  angular-toothed,  subsessile 
or  on  sterile  shoots  abruptly  narrowed  to  short  petioles, 
firm;  flowers  one  or  two,  when  solitary  apparently  ter- 
minal; capsules  erect,  40  mm.  long,  on  peduncles  of  equal 
length ;  seeds  obovoid-oblong,  shortly  beaked,  .3x1  mm. — 
Oesterr,  Bot.  Zeitschr.  xxix.  (1879),  89;  Monogr.  278, 
pi.  13,  f.  65.  —  Aleutian  Islands  ( Mertens},  fide  Hauss- 
knecht, — hence  likely  to  occur  in  Alaska,  but  unknown 
to  me. 

+-v  -M.  Seeds  often  coarsely  papillate,  nearly  one-half  larger  than  in  the 
preceding  group. 

38.  E.  CLAVATUM,  n.  sp.  —  A  span  high,  mostly  densely 
cespitose,  the  slender  stems  ascending,  glabrate  to  sparingly 
glandular  throughout ,  leaves  15  to  20  mm.  long,  divergent, 
broadly  ovate,  very  obtuse,  subentire  to  remotely  serrulate, 
mostly  rounded  to  evident  petioles,  firm,  drying  brownish; 
flowers  rather  few,  suberect,  petals  rose-colored,  about  5 
mm.  long;  capsules  25  mm.,  subclavate,  arcuately  diver 
gent,  the  lowest  often  not  reaching  the  apex  of  the  stem, 
their  slender  peduncles  equalling  the  subtending  leaves; 
seeds  fusiform,  tapering  into  a  pale  beak,  nearly  smooth 
to  coarsely  papillate,  .4  to  .6  x  1.5  to  2  mm. ;  coma  barely 
dingy.  —  Washington  and  Oregon  to  Wyoming  and  Utah. — 
Specimens  examined  from  Kicking  Horse  River,  British 
America  (Macoun,  1890),  Mt.  Adams,  Washington  (Suks- 
dorf,  1877  and  1886),  Oregon  (Cusick,  1879,  and  1880 
no.  821;  Howell,  1886,  no.  595-),  the  Cascade  Mts. 
(Tweedy,  1882,  no.  319),  Wyoming  (Parry,  1873,  no. 
110),  and  perhaps  Utah  (Uintas,  Watson,  1869,  no.  394 
in  part). — Plate  48. 

Suggestive  of  a  hybrid  between  anagallidifolium  and 
Hornemanni,  but  with  very  much  larger,  abundant,  and 
apparently  good  seeds. 


112  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL   GARDEN. 


EXPLANATION  OF    PLATES    ILLUSTRATING  THE  NORTH 
AMERICAN  SPECIES  OF  EPILOBIUM. 

Plates  1  to  3  were  drawn  by  Miss  M.  H.  Hoke ;  the  re- 
mainder, by  Mrs.  J.  C.  Duffey.  Except  where  the  con- 
trary is  stated,  the  figures  are  from  herbarium  specimens 
selected  by  the  author  and  drawn  under  his  supervision. 
Figures  of  seeds  and  stigmas  are  from  drawings  by  the 
author.  In  all  but  one  figure  of  seeds,  the  coma  is  omitted, 
for  simplicity. 

Plate  1,  E.  spicatum,  Lam.  —  1,  Portion  of  plant,  re- 
duced one-half;  2,  base  of  stem,  showing  the  separated 
scales  of  the  winter  bud  from  which  it  developed,  natural 
size;  3,  longitudinal  section  of  flower,  enlarged;  4,  cross 
section  of  ovary,  and  two  ovules,  —  the  coma  removed  from 
one  of  them,  enlarged;  5,  capsule,  x2;  6,  portion  of 
capsule,  showing  mode  of  dehiscence,  enlarged;  7,  seed, 

x  25 Figs.  3,  4,  and  6,  after  sketches  by  Sprague,  in 

the  Gray  Herbarium. 

Plate  2,  E.  latifoUum,  L. —  1,  Portion  of  plant,  reduced 
one-half;  2,  base  of  stem,  with  scales  and  winter  buda, 
natural  size  ;  3,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  3,  E.  hirsutum,  L.  —  1,  Plant,  reduced  one-half; 
2,  seed,  and  cross-section  of  same,  x  25. 

Plate  4,  E.  luteum,  Pursh.  —  1,  Plant,  reduced  one-half; 
2,  leaf ,  natural  size ;  3,  capsule,  natural  size;  4,  stigma, 
x  12;  5, seed, x  25. 

Plate  5,  E.  rigidum,  Hausskn.  —  1,  Two  plants,  re- 
duced one-half;  2,  leaf,  x2;  3,  young  capsule,  x  2;  4, 
stigma,  x  12;  5,  immature  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  6,  E.  obcordatum,  Gray.  —  1,  Plant,  natural  size; 
2,  stigma,  x  12  ;  3,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  7,  E.  suffrulicosum,  Nutt.  —  1,  Plant,  natural 
size;  2,  capsule,  x  2;  3,  stigma,  x  25;  4,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  8,  E.  paniculatum,  Nutt.  —  1,  Plant,  reduced  one- 


REVISION   OF   EPILOBIUM.  113 

half;  2,  a  large  flower,  natural  size;  3,  capsule,  x2;  4, 
stigma,  x  25;  5,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  9,  E.  paniculatum,  Nutt.,  var.  jucundum, 
(Gray).  —  1,  Plant,  reduced  one-half;  2,  leaf,  x  2;  3, 
capsule,  x  2;  4,  stigma,  x  25;  5,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  10,  E.  minutum,  Lindl.  —  1,  Rather  large  plant, 
reduced  one-half;  2,  leaf,  x  2;  3,  capsule,  x2;  4,  stigma, 
x  25 ;  5,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  11,  E.  striclum,  Muhl.  —  1,  Plant,  reduced  one- 
half;  2,  leaf,  x  2;  3,  flowering  and  fruiting  apex  of  stem, 
natural  size ;  4,  stigma,  x  25 ;  5,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  12,  E.  lineare,  Muhl.  —  1,  small  and  little  branched 
plant,  reduced  one-half;  2,  three  young  bulblets,  x  9;  3, 
leaf,  x  2;  4,  stigma,  x  25;  5,  seed,  x  25.  —  The  bulblets 
become  at  length  narrowly  ovoid,  and  12  mm.  or  more  long. 

Plate  13,  E.  palustre,  L.  —  1,  Plant  of  the  usual  Rocky 
Mountain  form,  reduced  one-half;  2,  leaf,  x  2;  3,  bulb- 
iferous  subterranean  shoot,  natural  size ;  4,  stigma,  x  25 ; 
5,  seed,  x  25;  6,  plant  of  the  forma  Labradorica,  natural 
size  ;  7,  leaf  of  same,  x  2. 

Plate  14,  E.  Davuricum,  Fisch.  —  1,  Fruiting  plant 
from  the  Rocky  Mountains,  natural  size;  2,  flowering 
specimen  from  Norway,  natural  size;  3,  rosettes  at  base  of 
stem,  x  2;  4,  leaf,  x  2;  5,  nodding  apex  of  flowering  plant, 
natural  size;  6,  stigma  (from  Norwegian  plant),  x25; 
7,  seed  (from  Rocky  Mountain  plant),  x  25. 

Plate  15,  E.  Franciscanum,  Barbey.  —  1,  Portion  of 
large  plant,  reduced  one-half;  2,  stigma,  x  25;  3,  seed,  x 
25. 

Plate  16,  E.  Watsoni,  Barbey.  —  1,  Plant  with  small 
innovations,  reduced  one-half;  2,  stigma,  x  25;  3,  seed,  x 
25. 

Plate  17,  E.  holosericeum,  n.  sp.  —  1,  Portions  of  plant, 
reduced  one-half;  2,  capsule,  natural  size;  3,  stigma,  x  25; 
4,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  18,  E.  Fendleri,  Hausskn.  —  1,  Portion  of  plant, 
reduced  one-half;  2,  stigma,  x25;  3,  seed,  x  25. 

8 


114  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

Plate  19,  E.  coloratum,  Muhl.  —  1,  Plant,  reduced  one- 
half;  2,  capsule,  x  2;  3,  stigma,  x  25;  4,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  20,  E.  Novo-Mexicanum,  Hausskn.  —  1,  Plant,  re- 
duced one-half;  2,  stigma,  x  25 ;  3,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  21,  E.  adenocaulon,  Hausskn.  —  1,  Medium-sized 
plant,  reduced  one- half ;  2,  rosuliferous  base  of  same,  nat- 
tural  size ;  3,  stigma,  x  25 ;  4,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  22,  E.  a denocaulon,  Hausskn.  (  ?) — dwarf  form 
which  may  possibly  be  the  E.  ciliatum  of  Rafinesque.  — 
Three  plants,  natural  size;  seed,  x  25. 

Plate 23,  E.  adenocaulon,  Hausskn.,  var.  occidentale.  —  1, 
Plant,  reduced  one-half ;  2,  stigma,  x  25;  3,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  24,  E.  exaltatum,  Drew.  —  1,  Portions  of  plant 
with  rosuliferous  base,  reduced  one-half;  2,  base  of  another 
plant  with  fleshy-scaled  autumnal  shoot,  reduced  one-half; 
3,  stigma,  x  25 ;  4,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  25,  E.  adenocaulon,  Hausskn.,  var.  (?)  perplex- 
ans.  —  1,  Plant,  reduced  one-half;  2,  two  young  autumnal 
rosettes,  x  2;  3,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  26,  E.  Californicum,  Hausskn.  —  1,  Portion  of 
plant,  reduced  one-half;  2,  opening  flower-bud,  x  2;  3, 
seed,  x  25. 

Plate  27,  E.  Parishii,  Trel.  —  1,  Young  autumnal  plant 
with  rosettes,  reduced  one-half;  2,  a  rooted  innovation, 
natural  size;  3,  stigma,  x  25;  4,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  28,  E.  delicatum,  n.  sp. —  1,  Plant,  reduced  one- 
half;  2,  young  seed,  x  25.  —  3,  Var.  tenue,  reduced  one- 
half;  4,  two  turions  of  same,  natural  size;  5,  stigma  of 
same,  x  25. 

Plate  29,  E.  glandulosum,  Lehm.  —  1-2,  Flowering  and 
fruiting  summits  of  plants,  reduced  one-half;  3,  stigma, 
x  25  ;  4,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  30,  E.  brevistylum,  Barbey.  —  1,  Plant,  reduced 
one-half;  2,  base  of  stem  at  end  of  season,  showing  old  and 
newly-formed  turions,  natural  size;  3,  flowering  and  fruit- 
ing summit  of  plant,  natural  size,  —  one  flower  showin^  a 


REVISION    OF   EPILOBIUM.  115 

rather  frequent  form  of  monstrosity;  4,  stigma,  x  25;  5, 
seed,  x  25. 

Plate  31,  E.  ursinum^  Parish.  —  1,  Plant,  reduced  one- 
half;  2,  portion  of  stem  and  leaves,  x  2;  3,  base  of  stem 
with  turion,  x  2;  4,  stigma,  x  25  ;  5,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  32,  E.  ursinum,  Parish,  var.  subfalcatum.  —  1  to  2, 
Two  plants,  natural  size ;  3,  portion  of  stem  and  leaves, 
x  2;  4,  seed, x  25. 

Plate  33,  E.  Halleanum,  Hausskn.  — 1,  Plant,  reduced 
one-half ;  2,  flowering  apex,  natural  size  ;  3,  base  of  stem, 
with  turions,  x  2  ;  4,  stigma,  x  25  ;  5,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  34,  E.  Drummondii,  Hausskn.  —  1,  Upper  portion 
of  more  typical  slender  plant,  reduced  one-half ;  2,  stalked 
turion,  x  2  ;  3,  leaf,  x  2 ;  4,  stigma,  x  25 ;  5,  seed,  x  25 ;  6, 
smaller  plant,  approaching  E.  saximontanum,  reduced  one- 
half. 

Plate  35,  E.  saximontanum,  Hausskn.  —  1,  Two  plants 
of  the  more  typical  form,  natural  size ;  2,  turion,  natural 
size;  3,  seed,  x  25  ;  4,  broader-leaved  form,  approaching 
E '.  Drummondii,  natural  size. 

Plate  36,  E.  leplocarpum,  Hausskn.  —  1,  Plant,  natural 
size  ;  2,  leaf,  x  2  ;  3,  petal,  x  12 ;  4,  stigma,  x  25 ;  5,  seed, 
x25. 

Plate  37,  E.  leptocarpum,  Hausskn., var.  (  ^Macounii. — 
1,  Large  plant,  natural  size,  —  the  old  turion  at  base,  also, 
x  2;  2,  small  plant  with  young  turion,  natural  size, —  the 
latter,  also,  x2  ;  3,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  38,  E.  glaberrimum,  Barbey.  —  1,  Plant,  reduced 
one-half  ;  2,  stigma,  x  25;  3,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  39,  E.  glaberrimum,  Barbey,  var.  latifoHum, 
Barbey.  —  1,  Two  plants,  reduced  one-half;  2,  stigma, 
x  25  ;  3,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  40,  E.  Oreganum,  Greene. —  1,  Portion  of  plant, 
reduced  one-half  ;  2,  stigma,  x  25 ;  3,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  41,  E.  Hornemanni,  Reichenb.  —  1,  Two  plants  of 
the  more  typical  Rocky  Mountain  form,  natural  size;  2, 
innovation,  x  2  ;  3,  seed,  x  25. 


116  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

Plate  42,  E.  Homemanni,  Reichenb.  —  1,  Large  form  of 
the  White  Mountains,  natural  size;  2,  stigma  of  same, 
x  25  ;  3,  seed  of  same,  x  25.  —  4,  Two  plants  of  dwarf  form 
of  the  Northeast  questionably  referred  here,  natural  size  ; 
5,  seed  of  same,  x  25. 

Plate  43,  E.  Bongardi,  Hausskn.  —  1,  Two  plants, 
natural  size;  2,  stigma,  x  25;  3,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  44,  E.  alpinum,  L.  (E.  lactiflorum,  Hausskn).  — 
1,  Three  plants,  natural  size;  2,  innovations,  x  2;  3, 
stigma,  x  25;  4,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  45,  J?.  Oregonense,  Hausskn.  —  1,  Three  plants, 
natural  size;  2,  leaf,  x  2  ;  3,  stigma,  x  25;  4,  seed,  x  25; 
5,  fragment  of  specimen  doubtfully  referred  here,  with 
leaves  in  threes,  x  2. 

Plate46,  E.  Oregonense,  Hausskn.  ,  var.(  ?)  gracillimum.  — 

1,  Two  plants,  natural  size;   2,    stigma,  x   25;    3,    seed, 
x  25;  —  4,  nodding   specimen   of    Suksdorf,    doubtfully 
referred  here  but  perhaps  belonging  to  the  next,  natural 
size. 

Plate  47,  E.  anagallidifolium,  Lam.  —  1,  Three  plants, 
natural  size;  2,  unusually  erect  plant,  natural  size;  3,  ex- 
ceptionally toothed  leaf,  x  2  ;  4,  capsule,  natural  size;  5 
stigma,  x  25  ;  6,  seed,  x  25. 

Plate  48,  E.  clavatum,  n.  sp.  —  1,  Plants,  natural  size; 

2,  rougher  form  of  seed,  x  25;    3,  smoother  form  of  seed, 


Since  the  preceding  pages  were  in  print,  I  have  discovered 
that  the  plant  which,  here  appears  as  E.  Oregonense,  var. 
(  ?)  gracillimum,  has  been  published  by  Professor  Hauss- 
knecht  in  Mittheil.  Geogr.  Gesellsch.  zu  Jena,  1888, 
vii.  5,  —  fide  Just,  Jahresb.  xvi  (2),  156  —  ,  as  E.  Prin- 
gleanum,  Hausskn,  so  that  it  should  bear  this  name. 


KEVISION   OF   EPILOBIUM. 


117 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES  OF  EPILOBIUM. 

Synonymes  in  parentheses. 


adenocaulon, 

91,  93,  94,  98,  105,  106. 
adnatum,  92. 
affine,  (100,  105). 
alpinum,  108. 
Aruericanum,  (94). 
anagallidif  olium , 

(89,  108,  109),  110,  111. 
angustif  olium,  (80). 
Behringianum,  107. 
Bongardi,  107. 
boreale,  97. 
brevistylum,  100,  102. 
Californicum,  96. 
Chilense,  (95). 
ciliatum,  (94). 
-clavatum,  111. 
coloratum,  92,  (94). 
Davuricum,  90. 
delicatum,  98. 
densum,  (88). 
Drummondii,  100,  102. 
«xaltatum,  (95). 
Fendleri,  92. 
Franciscanum,  90,  95. 
glaberrimum,  100,  104. 
glandulosum,  99,  (102). 
glaucum,  (105). 
Halleanum,  101,  102. 
hirsutum,  82. 
holosericeum,  91. 
Hornemanni, 

104,  105,  108,  111 


hybrids,  70,  89, 95, 105,  107. 
jucundum,  (86). 

lactiflorum,  (108). 
latif olium,  81. 
leptocarpum,  103. 
lineare,  87. 
luteum,  82. 

Mexicanum,  97. 
minutura,  86. 
molle,  (87). 

Novo-Mexicanum,  93,  95. 
obcordatum,  83. 
oliganthum,  (88). 
Oreganum,  (105). 
Oregonense,  109. 

palustre,  88,  94. 
paniculatum,  71,  85. 
Parishii,  97. 
parviflorum,  82. 
pruinosum,  (104). 
pseudo-lineare,  89. 
pseudo-scaposum,  111. 
pubescens,  (82). 
rigidum,  83. 
saximontanum,  99,  102. 
spicatum,  80. 
strictum,  87. 
suffruticosum,  84. 
tenellum,  (94). 
tetragonum,  (92,  94). 
ursinum,  100. 
Watsoni,  91. 


PKE88  OF  NIXON- JONES  PRINTING  CO*. 


KEPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD.. 


EPILOBIUM    SPICATUM. 


REPT.  Mo.  BOT.  GARD..  1891. 


EPILOBIUM     LATIFOI.O. 


REPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD..  1891. 


EPILOBIUM    KIRSUTUM. 


KEPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD..  1891. 


EPILOBIUM    LUTEUM. 


RBPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD..  1891. 


EPILOBIUM    RIGIDUM. 


REPT.  MO.  BOT.  CARD.,  1891. 


EPILOBIUM    OBCORDATUM. 


RBPT.  Mo.  Box.  CARD..  1891. 


EPILOBIUM.      SUFFRUT1COSUM 


REFT.  Mo.  HOT.  CARD..  1891. 


EPILOBIUM     PAXICULATUM. 


REPT.  MO.  BGT.  CARD,  1891. 


,w  w 


1 


EPILOBIUM     PANICULATUM.var.  JUCUNDUM. 


REPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD.,  i89i. 


EPILOBIUM     MINUTUM 


REPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD..  i89i. 


EPILOBIUM    STKICTUM. 


REPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD,  1891. 


EPII.OBIUM  LINEARE. 


REPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD..  i89i. 


EPILOBIUM     PALUSTRE. 


KEPT.  Mo.  BOT.  GARD.,  i89i. 


EPII.OBIUM     DAVUKICUM. 


REPT.  MO.  BOT.  GAR])..  1891. 


EPILOBHJM    FRANCISCANUM. 


REPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD.,  i89i. 


EPILOBIUM    WATSONI. 


REPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD..  i89i. 


EPII.OBIUM     HOLOSERICEUM. 


Mo.  BOT.  CARD.,  1891. 


EPILOBIUM     FENDLERI. 


KEPT.  MO.  BOT.  GAR!)..  1891. 


EPILOBIUM    COLORATUM 


REPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD.,  i89i. 


EPILOBIUM     NOVO-MEXICANUM. 


REPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD., 


EPILOBIUM    ADENOCADLON. 


REPT.  Mo.  BOT.  GARD.,  1891. 


PLATB  22. 


EPILOBIUM    ADENOCAULON. 


REPT  MO.  BOT.  GAR!).,  1891. 


EPILOBIUM    ADENOCAULON  .  var.  OCCIDENTALE. 


KEPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD., 


EPILOBIUM    EXALTATUM. 


REPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD,  1891. 


EPII.OBIUM      ADENOCAULON.  var.  PBRPLEXANS. 


\ 


REPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD.,  1891. 


EPILOBIUM     CALIFORNICUM. 


REPT.  Mo.  BOT.  GARD.,  1891. 


EPILOBIUM     PARISHII. 


KEPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD,  i89i. 


EPH.OBIUM     DELICATUM. 


KEPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD,  1891. 


EPJLOBIUM    GLANDULOSUM. 


RKPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD..  1891. 


EPILOBIUM     BREVISTYLUM. 


REPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD.,  1891. 


EPILOBIUM    URSINUM. 


RKPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD.,  i89i. 


EPILOBIUM     URSINUM.  ™.  SUBFALCATUM. 


REFT.  Mo.  Bor,  CARD..  1891. 


EPII.OBIUM    HALLEANUM. 


RBPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD..  1891. 


EPILOBIUM    DRUMMONDII. 


REFT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD., 


hl'ILOBlUM        SAXIMONTANUM. 


RHPT.  Mo.  Bor,  CARD., 


EPILOBIUM     LEPTOCARPUM. 


REPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD.,  i8»i. 


RPII.OBIUM       I.EPTOCAT?PUM.  var.  MACOUNII. 


REPT.  Mo.  Box.  CARD.,  1891. 


EPILOBIUM      GLABERRIMUM. 


Rm.  MO.  HOT  CARD., 


EPII.OBIUM        GLABKRKlMUM.var.  LAT1FOI.IUM. 


KEPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD., 


BPILOBIUM     OREGANUM. 


REPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD.,  isai. 


EPJLOBIUM      HORNTMANNF. 


RBPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD.,  1891. 


EPII.OBIUM     HOKNEMANNI. 


REPT.  MO.  BOT.  CARD.,  1891 


EPILOBIUM      BONGARDI. 


REPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD..  i89i. 


KPILOBIUM     ALPINUM. 


RBPT.  Mo.  BOT.  GARD..  i89i. 


EPILOBIUM     OREGONENSE. 


REPT.  Mo.  Bor.  CARD.,  i89i. 


EPILOBIUM     OREGONENSE,  var.  GRACILLIMUM. 


REPT.  MO.  BOT.  CARD..  1891. 


EPILOBIUM    ANAGALLIDIFOLIUM. 


REFT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD.,  1891. 


EPILOBIUM    CLAVATUM. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  AT  LOS  ANGELES 

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This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below 


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